{"id":1094,"date":"2025-09-23T10:30:57","date_gmt":"2025-09-23T03:30:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/lich-su-ra-doi-cua-thep-khong-gi-phat-minh-thay-doi-the-gioi\/"},"modified":"2025-09-23T10:30:57","modified_gmt":"2025-09-23T03:30:57","slug":"lich-su-ra-doi-cua-thep-khong-gi-phat-minh-thay-doi-the-gioi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/lich-su-ra-doi-cua-thep-khong-gi-phat-minh-thay-doi-the-gioi\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9: ph\u00e1t minh thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"custom-toc\">\n<h3>N\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-0-vi-sao-thep-khong-gi-nguyen-ly-thu-dong-hoa-cua-cr\">V\u00ec sao th\u00e9p \u201ckh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9\u201d? Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Cr<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-1-dong-thoi-gian-tu-y-tuong-den-vat-lieu-chien-luoc\">D\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian: t\u1eeb \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-2-gia-dinh-thep-khong-gi-va-mac-tieu-bieu\">Gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 v\u00e0 m\u00e1c ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-3-cong-nghe-luyen-can-va-tieu-chuan-hoa\">C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 luy\u1ec7n \u2013 c\u00e1n v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-4-hieu-lam-thuong-gap-va-su-that-ky-thuat\">Hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-5-lua-chon-mac-theo-moi-truong-dien-hinh-o-viet-nam\">L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c theo m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-6-10-moc-lich-su-then-chot-tom-tat\">10 m\u1ed1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed then ch\u1ed1t (t\u00f3m t\u1eaft)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-7-ket-luan\">K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 (inox) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee5c di\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, t\u1eeb dao k\u00e9o \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t, t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ebfn x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc. Hi\u1ec3u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 gi\u00fap k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u n\u1eafm c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i: v\u00ec sao th\u00eam Cr, Ni, Mo l\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn th\u00e9p carbon th\u00e0nh v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u b\u1ec1n \u0103n m\u00f2n; c\u00e1c m\u00e1c 304\/316\/430\/410 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ebf n\u00e0o; v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 luy\u1ec7n kim \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n ch\u00fang ra sao. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, \u0111i th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, m\u1ed1c th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u2013 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu trong ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-0-vi-sao-thep-khong-gi-nguyen-ly-thu-dong-hoa-cua-cr\">V\u00ec sao th\u00e9p \u201ckh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9\u201d? Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Cr<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t: Khi h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Cr trong th\u00e9p \u226510,5% (th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf 12\u201318%), b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u00e0ng oxit Cr2O3 m\u1ecfng (2\u20135 nm), li\u1ec1n l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o \u2013 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1edbp th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng.<br \/>\n&#8211; Vai tr\u00f2 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1:<br \/>\n  &#8211; Cr: h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u1edbp th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u00e2ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng r\u1ec9 n\u1ec1n.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Ni: \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c austenit (\u03b3), t\u0103ng d\u1ebbo, dai, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00e0n.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Mo: t\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7 (pitting) v\u00e0 k\u1ebd n\u1ee9t \u0103n m\u00f2n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Cl- (n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n, h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t).<br \/>\n  &#8211; N: t\u0103ng b\u1ec1n, ch\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong duplex\/austenit cao h\u1ee3p kim.<br \/>\n  &#8211; C: c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t th\u1ea5p (L-grades) \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u201cnh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m\u201d (k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a Cr-carbide \u1edf bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1t g\u00e2y \u0103n m\u00f2n tinh gi\u1edbi).<br \/>\n&#8211; Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 g\u1ee3i \u00fd ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u: PREN \u2248 %Cr + 3,3\u00d7%Mo + 16\u00d7%N<br \/>\n  &#8211; 430: ~17<br \/>\n  &#8211; 304: ~18\u201319<br \/>\n  &#8211; 316: ~24\u201325<br \/>\n  &#8211; 2205 duplex: ~35+<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-1-dong-thoi-gian-tu-y-tuong-den-vat-lieu-chien-luoc\">D\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian: t\u1eeb \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/h2>\n<h3>1821 \u2013 Pierre Berthier: manh nha \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Nh\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n kim Ph\u00e1p ghi nh\u1eadn h\u1ee3p kim Fe\u2013Cr ch\u1ecbu \u0103n m\u00f2n trong axit nitric t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n th\u00e9p th\u01b0\u1eddng. Ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i do c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 luy\u1ec7n Cr c\u00f2n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<h3>1872 \u2013 Woods &#038; Clark (Anh): b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf h\u1ee3p kim ch\u1ecbu axit<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; \u0110\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p kim Cr cao (\u224830%Cr) kh\u00e1ng axit. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f3 luy\u1ec7n\/\u0111\u00fac v\u00e0 gi\u00f2n; v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a l\u00e0 \u201cth\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9\u201d s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i.<\/p>\n<h3>1898\u20131905 \u2013 Goldschmidt v\u00e0 ferrochrome tinh khi\u1ebft<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Quy tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t nh\u00f4m (aluminothermic) cho ferrochrome s\u1ea1ch h\u01a1n, m\u1edf kh\u00f3a kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u1ea5u luy\u1ec7n h\u1ee3p kim Fe\u2013Cr v\u1edbi t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p \u2013 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9.<\/p>\n<h3>1904\u20131911 \u2013 L\u00e9on Guillet, Monnartz: khoa h\u1ecdc n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; L\u00e9on Guillet (Ph\u00e1p) h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n Fe\u2013Cr\u2013Ni.<br \/>\n&#8211; Monnartz v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 (\u0110\u1ee9c) ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Cr ~12\u201313% \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u00ednh th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed1ng r\u1ec9 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng.<\/p>\n<h3>1913 \u2013 Harry Brearley (Sheffield): \u201cRustless Steel\u201d<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; N\u1ea5u luy\u1ec7n h\u1ee3p kim kho\u1ea3ng 12,8%Cr, C th\u1ea5p\u2013trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00f2ng s\u00fang, nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng r\u1ec9 trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u1ea9m \u2013 m\u1ed1c khai sinh th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 martensitic (nh\u00f3m 410\/420).<\/p>\n<h3>1912\u20131919 \u2013 T\u1eeb 18\/8 \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Eduard Maurer v\u00e0 Benno Strauss (Krupp, \u0110\u1ee9c) ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n austenit 18%Cr\u20138%Ni (ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n 304), nhanh ch\u00f3ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong dao k\u00e9o, h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u1ed1p ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac (\u0111\u1ec9nh cao l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 1930s).<\/p>\n<h3>1920s\u20131930s \u2013 Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c m\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; W. H. Hatfield (Firth, Anh) t\u1ed1i \u01b0u 18\/8 (304), gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 Mo (316) \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1ng Cl- t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<br \/>\n&#8211; C\u00e1c m\u00e1c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng Ti\/Nb (321\/347) ra \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n tinh gi\u1edbi sau h\u00e0n; ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u00e9p th\u1eed Strauss (ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n ASTM A262).<\/p>\n<h3>1930s \u2013 Ferritic 430 v\u00e0 martensitic 420 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00f3a<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Ferritic 430 (\u224816\u201317%Cr, kh\u00f4ng Ni) cho \u0111\u1ed3 gia d\u1ee5ng, trang tr\u00ed kh\u00f4; martensitic 420 cho dao k\u00e9o, d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 ch\u1ecbu m\u00e0i m\u00f2n.<\/p>\n<h3>1940s\u20131950s \u2013 Chi\u1ebfn tranh, PH v\u00e0 m\u00e1c 201<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Th\u00e9p h\u00f3a b\u1ec1n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a (PH) nh\u01b0 17-4PH (\u22481948) cung c\u1ea5p t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 b\u1ec1n\/tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao cho h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<br \/>\n&#8211; 201 (Cr\u2013Mn\u2013Ni th\u1ea5p, c\u00f3 N) ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh khan hi\u1ebfm niken, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m cho n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t, d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4.<\/p>\n<h3>1960s\u20131980s \u2013 B\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea3y c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 luy\u1ec7n<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; AOD\/VOD gi\u00fap kh\u1eed C v\u00e0 t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t s\u00e2u, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t N, S, P; n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p kim cao.<br \/>\n&#8211; Duplex hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 2205) ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i m\u1ea1nh nh\u1edd b\u1ed5 sung N; c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng b\u1ec1n \u2013 ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n \u2013 h\u00e0n.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u0110\u00fac li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, tinh luy\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1nh (2B\/BA\/HL\/No.4) \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n<h3>1990s\u2013nay \u2013 Si\u00eau h\u1ee3p kim v\u00e0 lan t\u1ecfa \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Austenit cao h\u1ee3p kim (904L), si\u00eau duplex (2507), lean duplex (2101) t\u1ed1i \u01b0u chi ph\u00ed theo hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng.<br \/>\n&#8211; Th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1, trong \u0111\u00f3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam d\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i 304\/316\/201\/430 cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch, y t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-2-gia-dinh-thep-khong-gi-va-mac-tieu-bieu\">Gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 v\u00e0 m\u00e1c ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Austenit (phi t\u1eeb t\u00ednh, d\u1ec5 h\u00e0n, d\u1ebbo):<br \/>\n  &#8211; 304\/304L: 18Cr\u20138Ni. Ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t. Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, b\u1ed3n, \u1ed1ng, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac. PREN ~18\u201319.<br \/>\n  &#8211; 316\/316L: 17Cr\u201310Ni\u20132Mo. N\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n nh\u1eb9, h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t, y t\u1ebf. PREN ~24\u201325.<br \/>\n  &#8211; 201: 16\u201317Cr, Ni th\u1ea5p, Mn\/N cao. N\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t, trang tr\u00ed kh\u00f4; h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Cl-.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ferrit (t\u1eeb t\u00ednh, Ni th\u1ea5p, gi\u00e1 t\u1ed1t):<br \/>\n  &#8211; 430: 16\u201317Cr. Trang tr\u00ed trong nh\u00e0, \u1ed1p t\u01b0\u1eddng, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u1ebfp kh\u00f4. H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf h\u00e0n d\u00e0y.<br \/>\n&#8211; Martensit (t\u1eeb t\u00ednh, t\u00f4i ram \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1ec1n m\u00e0i m\u00f2n):<br \/>\n  &#8211; 410\/420: 12\u201314Cr. Dao k\u00e9o, tr\u1ee5c, khu\u00f4n ch\u1ecbu m\u00e0i m\u00f2n; ch\u1ed1ng r\u1ec9 trung b\u00ecnh, c\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng.<br \/>\n&#8211; Duplex (50% ferrit\u201350% austenit, b\u1ec1n cao, ch\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7 t\u1ed1t):<br \/>\n  &#8211; 2205: 22Cr\u20135Ni\u20133Mo\u2013N. N\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n, b\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5y, d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed. PREN ~35.<br \/>\n&#8211; PH \u2013 H\u00f3a b\u1ec1n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a:<br \/>\n  &#8211; 17-4PH: 17Cr\u20134Ni\u2013Cu\u2013Nb. H\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng, b\u01a1m, tr\u1ee5c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ec1n cao v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng r\u1ec9 kh\u00e1.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-3-cong-nghe-luyen-can-va-tieu-chuan-hoa\">C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 luy\u1ec7n \u2013 c\u00e1n v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Luy\u1ec7n\/ tinh luy\u1ec7n:<br \/>\n  &#8211; L\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ed3 quang (EAF) + AOD\/VOD \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t C th\u1ea5p (L-grades), ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t N, Mo, Nb, Ti.<br \/>\n  &#8211; T\u1ea9y g\u1ec9\u2013th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a sau gia c\u00f4ng\/ h\u00e0n kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1edbp Cr2O3.<br \/>\n&#8211; D\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t:<br \/>\n  &#8211; T\u1ea5m\/ cu\u1ed9n: No.1 (n\u00f3ng), 2B (l\u1ea1nh m\u1edd), BA (b\u00f3ng \u1ee7 s\u00e1ng), No.4\/HL (x\u01b0\u1edbc), g\u01b0\u01a1ng 8K.<br \/>\n  &#8211; \u1ed0ng h\u00e0n trang tr\u00ed (A554), \u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p\/\u00e1p l\u1ef1c (A312).<br \/>\n  &#8211; Thanh, l\u00e1p, d\u00e2y (A276, A484).<br \/>\n&#8211; Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng:<br \/>\n  &#8211; ASTM A240 (t\u1ea5m\/cu\u1ed9n), A312 (\u1ed1ng h\u00e0n\/\u0111\u00fac), A554 (\u1ed1ng trang tr\u00ed), A276 (thanh), A270 (\u1ed1ng v\u1ec7 sinh).<br \/>\n  &#8211; JIS G4304\/G4305 (t\u1ea5m), G4303 (thanh), G3463 (\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t).<br \/>\n  &#8211; EN 10088 (h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m).<br \/>\n  &#8211; TCVN hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu h\u00e0i h\u00f2a ASTM\/JIS\/EN trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf giao d\u1ecbch t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-4-hieu-lam-thuong-gap-va-su-that-ky-thuat\">Hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; \u201cTh\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd r\u1ec9\u201d: Sai. Trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Cl- cao, khe k\u1ebd, \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m Fe t\u1ef1 do, ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ed7\/\u0111\u1ecf b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u201cKh\u00f4ng h\u00fat nam ch\u00e2m m\u1edbi l\u00e0 inox x\u1ecbn\u201d: Sai m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n. Austenit (304\/316) nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb, nh\u01b0ng sau c\u00e1n ngu\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m t\u1eeb. Ferrit\/martensit h\u00fat nam ch\u00e2m l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u201c304 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf bi\u1ec3n\u201d: C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n. 304 ch\u1ecbu s\u01b0\u01a1ng mu\u1ed1i nh\u1eb9 trong nh\u00e0; ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi ven bi\u1ec3n n\u00ean \u01b0u ti\u00ean 316\/duplex, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ed1t, b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u201c201 thay 304 m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i\u201d: Kh\u00f4ng. 201 ch\u1ec9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4, \u00edt Cl-, kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n\/\u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-5-lua-chon-mac-theo-moi-truong-dien-hinh-o-viet-nam\">L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c theo m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; N\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t kh\u00f4, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a: 201\/430\/304; chi ti\u1ebft h\u00e0n d\u00e0y \u01b0u ti\u00ean 304L.<br \/>\n&#8211; B\u1ebfp th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m: 304\/304L; n\u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1i, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eafm: 316L.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb xa bi\u1ec3n: 304; khu c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 SO2\/Cl- n\u00ean c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc 316.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ven bi\u1ec3n (<5 km, phun s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7n): 316L ho\u1eb7c duplex 2205 cho c\u1ea5u ki\u1ec7n ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi.\n- N\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch\/RO, b\u1ed3n\/\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng: 304L; c\u00f3 Cl-\/kh\u1eed tr\u00f9ng Clo cao: 316L ho\u1eb7c 2205 t\u00f9y n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9.\n- Dao, khu\u00f4n ch\u1ecbu m\u00e0i m\u00f2n: 420\/410 (t\u00f4i ram), b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ed1ng g\u1ec9.\n- K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ec1n cao v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7 t\u1ed1t: Duplex 2205.\nQuy tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ecdn nhanh:\n  1) X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c Cl-, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, khe k\u1ebd.\n  2) \u01afu ti\u00ean PREN ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd.\n  3) Ch\u1ecdn L-grade n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 h\u00e0n d\u00e0y\/nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m \u0103n m\u00f2n tinh gi\u1edbi.\n  4) Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u2013 tr\u00e1nh b\u00e1m mu\u1ed1i \u2013 v\u1ec7 sinh \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3.\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"toc-6-10-moc-lich-su-then-chot-tom-tat\">10 m\u1ed1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed then ch\u1ed1t (t\u00f3m t\u1eaft)<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; 1821: Berthier \u2013 Fe\u2013Cr kh\u00e1ng axit.<br \/>\n&#8211; 1872: Woods &#038; Clark \u2013 b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf h\u1ee3p kim Cr cao.<br \/>\n&#8211; 1898: Goldschmidt \u2013 ferrochrome s\u1ea1ch.<br \/>\n&#8211; 1904\u20131911: Guillet\/Monnartz \u2013 c\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc Fe\u2013Cr\u2013Ni, ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Cr.<br \/>\n&#8211; 1913: Brearley \u2013 \u201crustless steel\u201d martensitic.<br \/>\n&#8211; 1912\u20131919: 18\/8 austenit, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u 304.<br \/>\n&#8211; 1920s\u201330s: Hatfield ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n 304, 316; ra \u0111\u1eddi 321\/347; ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp 430\/420.<br \/>\n&#8211; 1940s\u201350s: 17-4PH; m\u00e1c 201 do khan Ni.<br \/>\n&#8211; 1960s\u201380s: AOD\/VOD; duplex hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i (2205).<br \/>\n&#8211; 1990s\u2013nay: si\u00eau austenit\/duplex; b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-7-ket-luan\">K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n<p>T\u1eeb quan s\u00e1t ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a Cr \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 nh\u01b0 18\/8, 316, duplex v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 AOD\/VOD, th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ecd v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 linh ho\u1ea1t. B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i cho k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u:<br \/>\n&#8211; L\u1edbp th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng Cr2O3 l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u2013 h\u00e3y ch\u1ecdn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u1ee3p kim v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1edbp n\u00e0y.<br \/>\n&#8211; D\u00f9ng PREN v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng (Cl-, nhi\u1ec7t, khe k\u1ebd) \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e1c: 304 cho \u0111a d\u1ee5ng, 316 cho bi\u1ec3n\/h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t nh\u1eb9, duplex cho kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t, 201\/430 cho \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4 \u2013 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u01afu ti\u00ean L-grades v\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch sau h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0103n m\u00f2n tinh gi\u1edbi.<br \/>\nN\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c logic v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u: bi\u1ebft v\u00ec sao 304\/316 \u201cra \u0111\u1eddi\u201d s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang inox cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, t\u1ed1i \u01b0u chi ph\u00ed m\u00e0 v\u1eabn b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>T\u1eeb quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Berthier (1821) \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e9p 18\/8 v\u00e0 316 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i: d\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian, nguy\u00ean l\u00fd th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a Cr v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":1003,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1094","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tin-tuc"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1094","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1094"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1094\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/media\/1003"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1094"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1094"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1094"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}