{"id":1102,"date":"2025-09-25T00:33:53","date_gmt":"2025-09-24T17:33:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/phan-loai-thep-khong-gi-austenitic-ferritic-va-martensitic\/"},"modified":"2025-09-25T00:33:53","modified_gmt":"2025-09-24T17:33:53","slug":"phan-loai-thep-khong-gi-austenitic-ferritic-va-martensitic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/phan-loai-thep-khong-gi-austenitic-ferritic-va-martensitic\/","title":{"rendered":"Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9: Austenitic, Ferritic v\u00e0 Martensitic"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"custom-toc\">\n<h3>N\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-0-tong-quan-nhanh-khac-biet-cot-loi-giua-3-ho\">T\u1ed5ng quan nhanh: kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i gi\u1eefa 3 h\u1ecd<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-1-austenitic-lua-chon-da-dung-cho-moi-truong-an-mon\">Austenitic: l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111a d\u1ee5ng cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0103n m\u00f2n<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-2-ferritic-giai-phap-kinh-te-on-dinh-kich-thuoc-khan\">Ferritic: gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kinh t\u1ebf, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00e1ng SCC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-3-martensitic-uu-tien-do-cung-cuong-do-mai-mon\">Martensitic: \u01b0u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng, c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9, m\u00e0i m\u00f2n<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-4-so-sanh-ky-thuat-nhanh-theo-tieu-chi-ung-dung\">So s\u00e1nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhanh theo ti\u00eau ch\u00ed \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-5-tieu-chuan-mac-va-quy-cach-thuong-gap-tai-viet-nam\">Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u00e1c v\u00e0 quy c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-6-luu-y-han-va-xu-ly-be-mat-theo-tung-ho\">L\u01b0u \u00fd h\u00e0n v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t theo t\u1eebng h\u1ecd<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-7-chong-an-mon-thuc-te-hien-truong-viet-nam\">Ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n: th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-8-huong-dan-chon-nhanh-theo-cau-hoi-thuc-te\">H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u1ecdn nhanh theo c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-9-sai-lam-pho-bien-va-cach-tranh\">Sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1nh<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-10-ket-luan\">K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia theo vi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u00e0nh ba h\u1ecd ch\u00ednh: Austenitic, Ferritic v\u00e0 Martensitic. M\u1ed7i h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u1ee3p kim, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1-l\u00fd-h\u00f3a v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gia c\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c nhau, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n, h\u00e0n, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang m\u00e1c th\u00e9p cho c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-0-tong-quan-nhanh-khac-biet-cot-loi-giua-3-ho\">T\u1ed5ng quan nhanh: kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i gi\u1eefa 3 h\u1ecd<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Austenitic (h\u1ecd 200\/300): kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb t\u00ednh \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ee7, Ni\/Mn cao, ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t trong ba h\u1ecd, d\u1ec5 h\u00e0n v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n m\u00e0 c\u1ee9ng l\u00ean do bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng ngu\u1ed9i. \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i: 304\/304L, 316\/316L, 321, 347, 201.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ferritic (h\u1ecd 400 ferrit): t\u1eeb t\u00ednh, Cr cao, C r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p, \u00edt\/kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Ni, ch\u1ecbu \u0103n m\u00f2n trung b\u00ecnh-kh\u00e1, gi\u00e1 t\u1ed1t, d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t cao, gi\u00e3n n\u1edf th\u1ea5p, kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n, h\u00e0n c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t. M\u00e1c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn: 409\/409L, 430, 439, 441.<br \/>\n&#8211; Martensitic (h\u1ecd 400 mactenxit): t\u1eeb t\u00ednh, Cr trung b\u00ecnh, C cao h\u01a1n, t\u00f4i ram \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng\/c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 cao, ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i, h\u00e0n kh\u00f3. M\u00e1c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn: 410, 420 (420J1\/J2), 431.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-1-austenitic-lua-chon-da-dung-cho-moi-truong-an-mon\">Austenitic: l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111a d\u1ee5ng cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0103n m\u00f2n<\/h2>\n<h3>Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n &#038; vi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Cr ~16\u201326%, Ni ~6\u201322% (ho\u1eb7c Mn\/N cao \u1edf h\u1ecd 200 nh\u01b0 201), C \u22640,08% (d\u00f2ng L: \u22640,03%).<br \/>\n&#8211; Vi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac austenit \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f2ng, kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb t\u00ednh khi \u1ee7, l\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng m\u1ea1nh khi bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng ngu\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n<h3>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n: t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t trong ba h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi m\u00e1c c\u00f3 Mo (316) ho\u1eb7c N (LN). PREN tham kh\u1ea3o: 304 ~18\u201319; 316 ~24.<br \/>\n&#8211; C\u01a1 t\u00ednh (tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ee7): Rp0.2 ~200\u2013300 MPa; Rm ~520\u2013750 MPa; \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo cao, dai va \u0111\u1eadp t\u1ed1t k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p (d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1edbi \u00e2m s\u00e2u).<br \/>\n&#8211; Nhi\u1ec7t: ch\u1ecbu oxy h\u00f3a t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ebfn ~870\u00b0C (gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n), nh\u01b0ng d\u1ec5 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m h\u00f3a \u1edf 450\u2013850\u00b0C n\u1ebfu C cao; d\u00f9ng m\u00e1c L ho\u1eb7c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh (321 Ti, 347 Nb) khi h\u00e0n.<br \/>\n&#8211; T\u1eeb t\u00ednh: g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb t\u00ednh khi \u1ee7; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1i h\u00fat nam ch\u00e2m sau c\u00e1n ngu\u1ed9i\/h\u00e0n.<\/p>\n<h3>H\u00e0n, gia c\u00f4ng, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; H\u00e0n: d\u1ec5 h\u00e0n GTAW\/GMAW\/SMAW. D\u00f9ng que\/kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1n 308L cho 304, 316L cho 316; tr\u00e1nh nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1c L, 321\/347. L\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch l\u1edbp \u00f4x\u00edt (heat tint) sau h\u00e0n v\u00e0 th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng axit citric\/nitric.<br \/>\n&#8211; Gia c\u00f4ng: d\u1ec5 u\u1ed1n, d\u1eadp nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i cao; ch\u00fa \u00fd ch\u1ecdn b\u00e1n k\u00ednh ch\u00e0y c\u1ed1i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n th\u00e9p cacbon t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng. Khoan ti\u1ec7n: d\u00f9ng m\u0169i h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee9ng, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nh\u00f4m\/CS, l\u00e0m m\u00e1t t\u1ed1t.<br \/>\n&#8211; B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t: ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn 2B, BA, No.4, HL. Tr\u00e1nh nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eaft t\u1ef1 do t\u1eeb d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u00e9p cacbon (g\u00e2y g\u1ec9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t).<\/p>\n<h3>\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng &#038; m\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; 304\/304L (SUS304, X5CrNi18-10): Inox \u201cchu\u1ea9n\u201d cho \u0111\u1ed3 gia d\u1ee5ng, lan can, b\u1ed3n b\u1ec3, \u1ed1ng trang tr\u00ed\/\u00e1p l\u1ef1c (ASTM A312).<br \/>\n&#8211; 316\/316L (SUS316, X5CrNiMo17-12-2): m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng clorua, g\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3n, h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t nh\u1eb9, y t\u1ebf.<br \/>\n&#8211; 321\/347: \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec7t cao, nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n, ch\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m h\u00f3a.<br \/>\n&#8211; 201 (SUS201): thay Ni b\u1eb1ng Mn\/N; ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t, trang tr\u00ed trong nh\u00e0 kh\u00f4; kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb cho ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi\/\u1ea9m m\u1eb7n.<\/p>\n<h3>H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; D\u1ec5 n\u1ee9t \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t do clorua (SCC) \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 50\u2013150\u00b0C; xem x\u00e9t Ferritic ho\u1eb7c Duplex n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 t\u1ea3i k\u00e9o t\u0129nh trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng clorua n\u00f3ng.<br \/>\n&#8211; Gi\u00e1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c Ni\/Mo, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng theo th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-2-ferritic-giai-phap-kinh-te-on-dinh-kich-thuoc-khan\">Ferritic: gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kinh t\u1ebf, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00e1ng SCC<\/h2>\n<h3>Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n &#038; vi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Cr ~11\u201318% (m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cao h\u01a1n), C r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p (\u22640,03\u20130,08%), th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 Ti\/Nb \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh C,N (439, 441).<br \/>\n&#8211; Vi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ferrit, t\u1eeb t\u00ednh, h\u1ea1t d\u1ec5 th\u00f4 n\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 cao.<\/p>\n<h3>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n: t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n th\u00e9p m\u1ea1 k\u1ebdm, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 304 trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4, k\u00e9m h\u01a1n 304\/316 trong clorua\/c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng. PREN tham kh\u1ea3o: 430 ~17; 441 ~18\u201319.<br \/>\n&#8211; C\u01a1 t\u00ednh (tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ee7): Rp0.2 ~260\u2013350 MPa; \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo v\u1eeba; dai va \u0111\u1eadp th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n austenitic, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t d\u01b0\u1edbi 0\u00b0C.<br \/>\n&#8211; Nhi\u1ec7t: gi\u00e3n n\u1edf th\u1ea5p, d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t cao h\u01a1n austenitic (~+30\u201340%), \u00edt bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng do nhi\u1ec7t. Ch\u1ecbu oxy h\u00f3a t\u1ed1t cho \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3, bu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed1t (409, 441).<br \/>\n&#8211; Kh\u00e1ng SCC: t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n austenitic trong clorua n\u00f3ng.<\/p>\n<h3>H\u00e0n, gia c\u00f4ng<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; H\u00e0n: ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o, tr\u00e1nh h\u1ea1t th\u00f4 v\u00e0 gi\u00f2n. D\u00f9ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh (439\/441) cho k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u h\u00e0n; nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n sau h\u00e0n th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n.<br \/>\n&#8211; Gia c\u00f4ng: d\u1ec5 c\u1eaft h\u01a1n austenitic, u\u1ed1n\/d\u1eadp \u1edf m\u1ee9c v\u1eeba; ch\u1ecdn b\u00e1n k\u00ednh u\u1ed1n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 430.<\/p>\n<h3>\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng &#038; m\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; 430 (SUS430, X6Cr17): thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb gia d\u1ee5ng, trang tr\u00ed n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t, t\u1ea5m 2B\/BA, ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n No.4.<br \/>\n&#8211; 409\/409L (1.4512): \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3, nhi\u1ec7t th\u1ea3i, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nhi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4.<br \/>\n&#8211; 439\/441 (1.4510\/1.4509): thay th\u1ebf 304 trong nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0n, b\u1ed3n r\u1eeda, \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, trao \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n<h3>H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n; \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u0110\u1ed9 dai th\u1ea5p \u1edf l\u1ea1nh s\u00e2u; kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cryogenic.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ch\u1ed1ng k\u1ebd r\u1ed7 k\u00e9m h\u01a1n 316 trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng clorua.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-3-martensitic-uu-tien-do-cung-cuong-do-mai-mon\">Martensitic: \u01b0u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng, c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9, m\u00e0i m\u00f2n<\/h2>\n<h3>Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n &#038; vi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Cr ~11\u201318%, C t\u1eeb 0,10 \u0111\u1ebfn 1,2% (cao h\u01a1n hai h\u1ecd kia), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00eam Ni (431).<br \/>\n&#8211; T\u00f4i ram \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c martensit: c\u1ee9ng, t\u1eeb t\u00ednh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t HRC 40\u201355 t\u00f9y m\u00e1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n<h3>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; C\u01a1 t\u00ednh: sau t\u00f4i ram, Rp0.2 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 >800 MPa, \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng cao, ch\u1ecbu m\u00e0i m\u00f2n t\u1ed1t.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n: trung b\u00ecnh; \u0111\u1ee7 cho n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt\/kh\u00f4, k\u00e9m trong clorua\/axit. PREN tham kh\u1ea3o: 410 ~12\u201313; 420 ~13; 431 ~16\u201317.<br \/>\n&#8211; H\u00e0n: kh\u00f3; y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t 150\u2013300\u00b0C v\u00e0 ram sau h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh n\u1ee9t.<br \/>\n&#8211; Gia c\u00f4ng: gia c\u00f4ng c\u1eaft t\u1ed1t \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ee7; sau t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng kh\u00f3 gia c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n<h3>\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng &#038; m\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; 410 (X12Cr13): tr\u1ee5c, bu l\u00f4ng, linh ki\u1ec7n m\u00e1y, c\u00e1nh b\u01a1m n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch.<br \/>\n&#8211; 420\/420J2 (X20Cr13\/X30Cr13): dao k\u00e9o, khu\u00f4n nh\u1ef1a, d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 m\u00e0i m\u00f2n.<br \/>\n&#8211; 431 (X17CrNi16-2): tr\u1ee5c ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i\/\u0103n m\u00f2n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n 410, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c, bul\u00f4ng neo.<\/p>\n<h3>H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Gi\u00f2n n\u1ebfu x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n; ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong clorua.<br \/>\n&#8211; H\u00e0n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb cho k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u h\u00e0n ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-4-so-sanh-ky-thuat-nhanh-theo-tieu-chi-ung-dung\">So s\u00e1nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhanh theo ti\u00eau ch\u00ed \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ven bi\u1ec3n\/clorua: 316\/316L; n\u1ebfu t\u1ea3i k\u00e9o t\u0129nh + nhi\u1ec7t \u1ea5m, c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc Ferritic cao Cr (444) ho\u1eb7c Duplex (ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi b\u00e0i n\u00e0y).<br \/>\n&#8211; K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u h\u00e0n, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc: Ferritic \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh (439\/441) ho\u1eb7c Austenitic L\/321\/347 n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n cao h\u01a1n.<br \/>\n&#8211; N\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t\/\u0111\u1ed3 gia d\u1ee5ng trong nh\u00e0 kh\u00f4: 430 ho\u1eb7c 201; khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i: 304; g\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3n\/quanh h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7n: 316.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng\/m\u00e0i m\u00f2n: Martensitic 420\/431.<br \/>\n&#8211; Nhi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4, kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i: 409\/441; nhi\u1ec7t cao li\u00ean t\u1ee5c >900\u00b0C c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc 309\/310 (Austenitic ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng).<br \/>\n&#8211; H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch: Ferritic (430\/441) ho\u1eb7c 201; l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u1ed1 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-5-tieu-chuan-mac-va-quy-cach-thuong-gap-tai-viet-nam\">Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u00e1c v\u00e0 quy c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; T\u1ea5m\/cu\u1ed9n: ASTM A240\/A480 (Austenitic\/Ferritic), JIS G4304\/4305; b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t 2B, BA, No.4, HL.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u1ed0ng h\u00e0n \u00e1p l\u1ef1c\/trang tr\u00ed: ASTM A312 (Austenitic), A268 (Ferritic), A554 (trang tr\u00ed).<br \/>\n&#8211; Thanh tr\u00f2n\/d\u1eb9t: ASTM A276\/A479; Martensitic c\u00f2n g\u1eb7p A582.<br \/>\n&#8211; Quy \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e1c tham kh\u1ea3o:<br \/>\n  &#8211; 304 \u2248 SUS304 \u2248 X5CrNi18-10 (1.4301); 304L \u2248 1.4307<br \/>\n  &#8211; 316 \u2248 SUS316 \u2248 X5CrNiMo17-12-2 (1.4401); 316L \u2248 1.4404<br \/>\n  &#8211; 430 \u2248 SUS430 \u2248 X6Cr17 (1.4016)<br \/>\n  &#8211; 409L \u2248 1.4512; 439 \u2248 1.4510; 441 \u2248 1.4509<br \/>\n  &#8211; 410 \u2248 X12Cr13 (1.4006); 420J1\/J2 \u2248 1.4028\/1.4021; 431 \u2248 X17CrNi16-2 (1.4057)<br \/>\n&#8211; \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ed3n kho: 0,4\u20133,0 mm (t\u1ea5m cu\u1ed9n trang tr\u00ed), 3\u201312 mm (t\u1ea5m c\u1eaft ch\u1ea5n); \u1ed1ng trang tr\u00ed \u00d89,5\u2013\u00d8114; thanh tr\u00f2n 6\u201380 mm (410\/420\/431).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-6-luu-y-han-va-xu-ly-be-mat-theo-tung-ho\">L\u01b0u \u00fd h\u00e0n v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t theo t\u1eebng h\u1ecd<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Austenitic:<br \/>\n  &#8211; V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u00e0n: 308L cho 304, 316L cho 316; 309\/312 cho h\u00e0n d\u1ecb v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00f9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m h\u00f3a; \u01b0u ti\u00ean m\u00e1c L\/321\/347.<br \/>\n  &#8211; T\u1ea9y m\u00e0u nhi\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng pickling gel; th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1edbp Cr2O3.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ferritic:<br \/>\n  &#8211; D\u00f9ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u00e0n t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch (439\/441) ho\u1eb7c 430Ti; nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o th\u1ea5p-trung b\u00ecnh; l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh h\u1ea1t th\u00f4.<br \/>\n&#8211; Martensitic:<br \/>\n  &#8211; Ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t 150\u2013300\u00b0C; d\u00f9ng que 410NiMo\/309; ram sau h\u00e0n 600\u2013750\u00b0C; tr\u00e1nh hydro.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-7-chong-an-mon-thuc-te-hien-truong-viet-nam\">Ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n: th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Kh\u00ed h\u1eadu n\u00f3ng \u1ea9m, m\u01b0a axit nh\u1eb9 v\u00e0 b\u1ee5i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nguy c\u01a1 \u1ed1 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t.<br \/>\n&#8211; Lan can, bi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7u ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi n\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f4 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i: 304 \u0111\u1ee7 d\u00f9ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3; g\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c\/b\u1ebfn xe c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1i kh\u1eed b\u0103ng (hi\u1ebfm \u1edf VN) th\u00ec c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc 316.<br \/>\n&#8211; V\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n (H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng, H\u1ea1 Long, \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, Nha Trang): d\u00f9ng 316\/316L cho k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u l\u1ed9 thi\u00ean; tr\u00e1nh 201\/430 v\u00ec d\u1ec5 k\u1ebd r\u1ed7\/\u1ed1 v\u00e0ng.<br \/>\n&#8211; N\u01b0\u1edbc clo trong h\u1ed3 b\u01a1i\/nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc: d\u00f9ng 316L; th\u00f4ng gi\u00f3 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf h\u01a1i clo g\u00e2y SCC l\u00ean 304.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-8-huong-dan-chon-nhanh-theo-cau-hoi-thuc-te\">H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u1ecdn nhanh theo c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; C\u1ea7n th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 \u201ckh\u00f4ng h\u00fat nam ch\u00e2m\u201d cho thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb y t\u1ebf? 304L\/316L \u1ee7 chu\u1ea9n; l\u01b0u \u00fd sau gia c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1i h\u00fat nam ch\u00e2m\u2014ki\u1ec3m tra PMI thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 th\u1eed nam ch\u00e2m.<br \/>\n&#8211; L\u00e0m b\u1ed3n ch\u1ee9a th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, s\u1eefa? 304L th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ee7; m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1eb7n\/axit h\u1eefu c\u01a1: 316L.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u1ed0ng x\u1ea3 l\u00f2 h\u01a1i nh\u1ecf, nhi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4 500\u2013700\u00b0C? 409\/441; n\u1ebfu \u0103n m\u00f2n do ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 axit, ch\u1ecdn 441\/439.<br \/>\n&#8211; Dao, khu\u00f4n nh\u1ef1a, tr\u1ee5c b\u01a1m c\u1ee9ng: 420\/431 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f4i ram.<br \/>\n&#8211; Thay 304 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u chi ph\u00ed trong n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t kh\u00f4: 430 ho\u1eb7c 201; \u01b0u ti\u00ean 430 khi c\u1ea7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t BA cao c\u1ea5p \u00edt bi\u1ebfn m\u00e0u theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-9-sai-lam-pho-bien-va-cach-tranh\">Sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1nh<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; D\u00f9ng 201 ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi: d\u1ec5 \u1ed1 v\u00e0ng\/k\u1ebd r\u1ed7 \u2013 chuy\u1ec3n sang 304 ho\u1eb7c 316.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ch\u1ec9 th\u1eed nam ch\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft m\u00e1c: kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u2013 d\u00f9ng PMI quang ph\u1ed5\/c\u1ea7m tay.<br \/>\n&#8211; Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch sau h\u00e0n: nhi\u1ec7t m\u00e0u s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u \u0103n m\u00f2n \u2013 lu\u00f4n pickling + passivation.<br \/>\n&#8211; D\u00f9ng martensitic cho k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u h\u00e0n ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i: r\u1ee7i ro n\u1ee9t \u2013 ch\u1ecdn austenitic L ho\u1eb7c ferritic \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-10-ket-luan\">K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Austenitic l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u201can to\u00e0n\u201d cho \u0111a s\u1ed1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0103n m\u00f2n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t 304\/316; d\u1ec5 h\u00e0n, t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c Ni\/Mo.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ferritic mang l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 chi ph\u00ed, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec7t, kh\u00e1ng SCC t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t, \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb gia d\u1ee5ng; c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u00e0n.<br \/>\n&#8211; Martensitic ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 cao (dao, tr\u1ee5c, khu\u00f4n), ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 \u1edf m\u1ee9c v\u1eeba v\u00e0 h\u00e0n kh\u00f3.<br \/>\nC\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang m\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng (\u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n\/axit), y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u01a1 t\u00ednh, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch. V\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed tr\u00ean, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ef1 tin cho c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u1ed1i \u01b0u c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n l\u1eabn chi ph\u00ed v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 3 h\u1ecd th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9\u2014Austenitic, Ferritic, Martensitic: th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t, h\u00e0n, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":1014,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1102","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tin-tuc"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1102","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1102"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1102\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/media\/1014"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1102"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1102"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1102"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}