{"id":1108,"date":"2025-09-26T12:35:38","date_gmt":"2025-09-26T05:35:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/do-cung-do-deo-va-chiu-nhiet-cua-thep-khong-gi-huong-dan-chon-mac\/"},"modified":"2025-09-26T12:35:38","modified_gmt":"2025-09-26T05:35:38","slug":"do-cung-do-deo-va-chiu-nhiet-cua-thep-khong-gi-huong-dan-chon-mac","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/do-cung-do-deo-va-chiu-nhiet-cua-thep-khong-gi-huong-dan-chon-mac\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9: h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"custom-toc\">\n<h3>N\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-0-tong-quan-nhanh-ve-cac-nhom-thep-khong-gi-va-tac-d\">T\u1ed5ng quan nhanh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-1-do-cung-do-the-nao-bi-anh-huong-boi-yeu-to-gi-va-g\">\u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng: \u0111o th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 g\u00ec, v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-2-do-deo-do-the-nao-mac-nao-de-tao-hinh-meo-gia-cong\">\u0110\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo: \u0111o th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, m\u00e1c n\u00e0o d\u1ec5 t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh, m\u1eb9o gia c\u00f4ng<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-3-kha-nang-chiu-nhiet-nhiet-do-dich-vu-chong-oxy-hoa\">Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t: nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, ch\u1ed1ng \u00f4xy h\u00f3a, r\u00e3o v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00f2n<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-4-thanh-phan-hoa-hoc-va-xu-ly-anh-huong-the-nao\">Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-5-huong-dan-chon-mac-theo-yeu-cau-thuc-te\">H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-6-luu-y-khi-kiem-soat-chat-luong-tai-xuong\">L\u01b0u \u00fd khi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1i x\u01b0\u1edfng<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-7-vi-du-chon-nhanh-theo-tinh-huong\">V\u00ed d\u1ee5 ch\u1ecdn nhanh theo t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-8-cac-sai-lam-pho-bien-can-tranh\">C\u00e1c sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-9-ket-luan\">K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u00e1ch th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia c\u00f4ng, l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng khi b\u1ea1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c th\u00e9p cho b\u1ed3n b\u1ec3, \u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i, b\u0103ng t\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec7t, khu\u00f4n d\u1eadp hay chi ti\u1ebft ch\u1ecbu m\u00e0i m\u00f2n. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111i th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o ba thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e1ch \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng, d\u1ea3i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh theo t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m m\u00e1c, v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i x\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-0-tong-quan-nhanh-ve-cac-nhom-thep-khong-gi-va-tac-d\">T\u1ed5ng quan nhanh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Austenitic (300-series: 304, 316, 310; 200-series: 201, 202): kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec5m t\u1eeb, r\u1ea5t d\u1ebbo, bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee9ng ngu\u1ed9i m\u1ea1nh, kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n. Ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng r\u00e3o t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c h\u1ecd th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng. H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t cao.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ferritic (400-series: 409, 430, 439): nhi\u1ec5m t\u1eeb, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo trung b\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng; d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n austenitic, gi\u00e3n n\u1edf th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n; gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 gi\u00f2n 475\u00b0C khi ph\u01a1i l\u00e2u.<br \/>\n&#8211; Martensitic (410, 420, 440C): c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f4i v\u00e0 ram \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng r\u1ea5t cao; \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo th\u1ea5p; kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf.<br \/>\n&#8211; Duplex (2101, 2205, 2507): c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa austenite\/ferrite; b\u1ec1n ch\u1ea3y cao, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo v\u1eeba; kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng cho nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao k\u00e9o d\u00e0i do nguy c\u01a1 pha sigma\/gi\u00f2n 475\u00b0C.<br \/>\n&#8211; K\u1ebft t\u1ee7a b\u1ec1n (PH, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 17-4PH): c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a b\u1ec1n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng\/\u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n r\u1ea5t cao; gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c kho\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi 315\u00b0C\u2013370\u00b0C t\u00f9y \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-1-do-cung-do-the-nao-bi-anh-huong-boi-yeu-to-gi-va-g\">\u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng: \u0111o th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 g\u00ec, v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u00f5m v\u00e0 m\u00e0i m\u00f2n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, li\u00ean quan ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 k\u00e9o\/yield. Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn:<br \/>\n&#8211; Rockwell: HRB cho v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u1ec1m\/trung b\u00ecnh, HRC cho v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ee9ng; cho t\u1ea5m m\u1ecfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng HR30T.<br \/>\n&#8211; Brinell (HBW) v\u00e0 Vickers (HV): ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p d\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng, HV d\u00f9ng cho c\u1ea3 vi c\u1ee9ng.<br \/>\n&#8211; Chu\u1ea9n li\u00ean quan: ASTM E18 (Rockwell), ASTM E10 (Brinell), ASTM E92 (Vickers).<\/p>\n<p>\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh:<br \/>\n&#8211; Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n\/vi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac: martensitic v\u00e0 PH cho \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng cao nh\u1ea5t; austenitic \u1ee7 m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng th\u1ea5p v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i.<br \/>\n&#8211; Bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee9ng ngu\u1ed9i (cold work): austenitic t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng nhanh theo m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e1n\/k\u00e9o\/d\u1eadp; v\u00ed d\u1ee5 301 c\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee9ng r\u1ea5t cao.<br \/>\n&#8211; Nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n: martensitic t\u00f4i + ram \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh HRC; PH h\u00f3a b\u1ec1n \u1edf 480\u2013620\u00b0C; austenitic\/ferritic kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<p>Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tham kh\u1ea3o (\u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ee7 m\u1ec1m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, tr\u1eeb khi ghi kh\u00e1c):<br \/>\n&#8211; 304\/304L: HRB ~70\u201390; HV ~150\u2013200; Rm \u2265 515 MPa, Rp0.2 \u2265 205 MPa.<br \/>\n&#8211; 316\/316L: HRB ~80\u201395; HV ~160\u2013210; Rm \u2265 515 MPa, Rp0.2 \u2265 205 MPa.<br \/>\n&#8211; 201: HRB ~85\u201398; HV ~180\u2013230; \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n cao h\u01a1n 304 nh\u01b0ng d\u1ebbo k\u00e9m h\u01a1n.<br \/>\n&#8211; 430 (ferritic): HRB ~70\u201390; HBW ~150\u2013200; Rm \u2265 450 MPa.<br \/>\n&#8211; 410 (annealed): HBW ~160\u2013200; khi t\u00f4i + ram c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t HRC ~35\u201350 t\u00f9y ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9.<br \/>\n&#8211; 17-4PH: \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n H900 kho\u1ea3ng HRC ~38\u201344; Rm ~ 1,200\u20131,300 MPa.<br \/>\n&#8211; 301 (cold-worked): \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng t\u0103ng m\u1ea1nh theo ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u00ean HRC ~30 \u1edf m\u1ee9c c\u00e1n cao.<\/p>\n<p>\u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh quy \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh (tham kh\u1ea3o): HRB 88 ~ Rm 520 MPa; HRC 20 ~ Rm 700\u2013750 MPa; HV 200 ~ Rm ~ 640 MPa. Lu\u00f4n ki\u1ec3m tra theo chu\u1ea9n quy \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c cho t\u1eebng d\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n<p>\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng g\u1ee3i \u00fd theo \u201c\u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng\u201d:<br \/>\n&#8211; Chi ti\u1ebft ch\u1ecbu m\u00e0i m\u00f2n c\u1ea7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee9ng: 410\/420\/440C t\u00f4i ram, ho\u1eb7c 17-4PH; n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n ch\u1ed1ng g\u1ec9 cao v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, d\u00f9ng 301\/304 c\u00e1n c\u1ee9ng.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u0110\u1ed3 g\u00e1, v\u1ecf m\u00e1y c\u1ea7n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gia c\u00f4ng: 304\/316 \u1ee7 m\u1ec1m (2B\/BA).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-2-do-deo-do-the-nao-mac-nao-de-tao-hinh-meo-gia-cong\">\u0110\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo: \u0111o th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, m\u00e1c n\u00e0o d\u1ec5 t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh, m\u1eb9o gia c\u00f4ng<\/h2>\n<p>Ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh:<br \/>\n&#8211; \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e3n d\u00e0i sau \u0111\u1ee9t A% (ASTM E8\/E8M): ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u00e9o d\u00e3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi g\u00e3y.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee9ng n (n-value) v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ea3y ph\u1eb3ng r (r-value) quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi d\u1eadp s\u00e2u\/t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh t\u1ea5m.<br \/>\n&#8211; Th\u1eed u\u1ed1n, th\u1eed d\u1eadp c\u1ed1c (Erichsen) cho t\u1ea5m m\u1ecfng.<\/p>\n<p>X\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo (\u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ee7 m\u1ec1m):<br \/>\n&#8211; Austenitic 304\/304L: A% th\u01b0\u1eddng 40\u201360%; r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p d\u1eadp s\u00e2u, k\u00e9o vu\u1ed1t, loe.<br \/>\n&#8211; 316\/316L: t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 304, \u0111\u00f4i khi d\u1ebbo th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n ch\u00fat do Mo t\u0103ng b\u1ec1n.<br \/>\n&#8211; 201\/202: \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n cao h\u01a1n, A% 35\u201350%; c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00f2 xo (springback) l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 304.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ferritic 430\/439: A% 20\u201330%; c\u1ea7n b\u00e1n k\u00ednh u\u1ed1n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1n.<br \/>\n&#8211; Duplex 2205: A% ~25\u201335%; b\u1ec1n ch\u1ea3y r\u1ea5t cao n\u00ean l\u1ef1c d\u1eadp l\u1edbn, b\u00e1n k\u00ednh u\u1ed1n \u2265 2\u20133t.<br \/>\n&#8211; Martensitic (410, 420): A% 12\u201320% khi \u1ee7; sau t\u00f4i ram d\u1ebbo gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh, kh\u00f3 t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh ngu\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1eb9o gia c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo v\u00e0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ed1t:<br \/>\n&#8211; Ch\u1ecdn h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eadp vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m n\u1ee9t m\u00e9p tr\u00ean ferritic.<br \/>\n&#8211; B\u00e1n k\u00ednh u\u1ed1n khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb: 304 \u2265 1.0t; 430 \u2265 1.5\u20132.0t; duplex \u2265 2.0\u20133.0t. V\u1edbi d\u1eadp s\u00e2u, \u01b0u ti\u00ean 304DDQ\/305.<br \/>\n&#8211; Gia c\u00f4ng t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc + \u1ee7 gi\u1ea3i \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t\/\u1ee7 dung d\u1ecbch (solution anneal) khi c\u1ea7n d\u1eadp s\u00e2u nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n.<br \/>\n&#8211; D\u00f9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 s\u1eafc, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t khu\u00f4n b\u00f3ng, b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n \u0111\u1ee7; tr\u00e1nh \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m Fe t\u1ef1 do g\u00e2y r\u1ec9 n\u00e2u sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-3-kha-nang-chiu-nhiet-nhiet-do-dich-vu-chong-oxy-hoa\">Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t: nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, ch\u1ed1ng \u00f4xy h\u00f3a, r\u00e3o v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00f2n<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh:<br \/>\n&#8211; Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u00f4xy h\u00f3a\/\u0111\u00f3ng c\u00e1u \u1edf m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00ed n\u00f3ng.<br \/>\n&#8211; Creep (r\u00e3o) d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ea3i k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao.<br \/>\n&#8211; Nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a cacbua (sensitization) 450\u2013850\u00b0C \u1edf austenitic kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a, g\u00e2y suy gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n v\u00f9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec7t.<br \/>\n&#8211; Gi\u00f2n 475\u00b0C \u1edf ferritic\/duplex khi ph\u01a1i d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n; pha sigma 600\u2013900\u00b0C g\u00e2y gi\u00f2n trong duplex\/ferritic gi\u00e0u Cr, Mo.<\/p>\n<p>Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed kh\u00f4 (tham kh\u1ea3o, li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n\/nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng):<br \/>\n&#8211; 304\/304L: li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ~870\u00b0C, gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n ~925\u00b0C; tr\u00e1nh ph\u01a1i d\u00e0i 450\u2013850\u00b0C n\u1ebfu m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0103n m\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t.<br \/>\n&#8211; 316\/316L: t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 304 v\u1ec1 \u00f4xy h\u00f3a; Mo c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh ch\u1ecbu sunfat\/bi\u1ec3n \u1edf trung nhi\u1ec7t.<br \/>\n&#8211; 321\/347 (\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a Ti\/Nb): ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 540\u2013870\u00b0C h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m.<br \/>\n&#8211; 309S\/310S: ch\u1ed1ng \u00f4xy h\u00f3a r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t; 309S ~1,000\u20131,050\u00b0C, 310S ~1,050\u20131,100\u00b0C li\u00ean t\u1ee5c.<br \/>\n&#8211; 430: d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn ~815\u00b0C; l\u01b0u \u00fd gi\u00f2n 475\u00b0C khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n v\u00f9ng 400\u2013550\u00b0C.<br \/>\n&#8211; 410\/420: t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi ~650\u00b0C; t\u00ednh r\u00e3o k\u00e9m.<br \/>\n&#8211; Duplex 2205: kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb tr\u00ean ~300\u00b0C d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n do gi\u00f2n 475\u00b0C\/pha sigma.<br \/>\n&#8211; 17-4PH: h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ~315\u2013370\u00b0C (t\u00f9y \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u00f3a b\u1ec1n) \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh qu\u00e1 gi\u00e0 h\u00f3a l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m b\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c:<br \/>\n&#8211; H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh (20\u2013100\u00b0C): austenitic 16\u201318\u00d710^-6\/K (304 ~17.2), ferritic 10.5\u201311.5\u00d710^-6\/K (430 ~10.8), duplex ~13\u00d710^-6\/K. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 austenitic bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng nhi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, d\u1ec5 cong v\u00eanh khi h\u00e0n\/nung.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u0110\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t (\u1edf 100\u00b0C): austenitic ~14\u201316 W\/m\u00b7K; ferritic ~23\u201327 W\/m\u00b7K; carbon steel ~50 W\/m\u00b7K. Ferritic t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam:<br \/>\n&#8211; \u1ed0ng kh\u00f3i, bu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed1t, gi\u00e0n gia nhi\u1ec7t: 309S\/310S cho nhi\u1ec7t >900\u00b0C; 304\/316 cho <800\u2013850\u00b0C.\n- H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 \u00f4 t\u00f4\/xe m\u00e1y: 409\/439\/441\/430 t\u00f9y ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed.\n- B\u0103ng t\u1ea3i l\u00f2 s\u1ea5y 300\u2013500\u00b0C: \u01b0u ti\u00ean 304\/321; tr\u00e1nh duplex d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n.\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"toc-4-thanh-phan-hoa-hoc-va-xu-ly-anh-huong-the-nao\">Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Cr (\u226510.5%): n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1o l\u1edbp th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng Cr2O3, t\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u00f4xy h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng n\u1ec1n nh\u1eb9.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ni: \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh austenite, t\u0103ng d\u1ebbo, gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t, t\u0103ng gi\u00e3n n\u1edf.<br \/>\n&#8211; Mo: t\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7\/\u0103n m\u00f2n k\u1ebd (316, 2205), h\u01a1i l\u00e0m d\u1ebbo gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9.<br \/>\n&#8211; N: t\u0103ng b\u1ec1n ch\u1ea3y m\u1ea1nh (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t 201, duplex), gi\u1ea3m d\u1ebbo n\u1ebfu qu\u00e1 cao.<br \/>\n&#8211; C: cao \u2192 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0ng t\u0103ng nguy c\u01a1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m; b\u1ea3n \u201cL\u201d (C th\u1ea5p) gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo t\u1ed1t v\u00f9ng h\u00e0n.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u1ee6 dung d\u1ecbch austenitic (\u22481,040\u20131,120\u00b0C, l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i nhanh) kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c d\u1ebbo, lo\u1ea1i cacbua; martensitic c\u1ea7n quy tr\u00ecnh t\u00f4i + ram; PH c\u1ea7n chu tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a b\u1ec1n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-5-huong-dan-chon-mac-theo-yeu-cau-thuc-te\">H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/h2>\n<p>B\u01b0\u1edbc 1 \u2013 X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u01b0u ti\u00ean ch\u00ednh:<br \/>\n&#8211; C\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng\/m\u00e0i m\u00f2n: 410\/420\/440C t\u00f4i ram, ho\u1eb7c 17-4PH; n\u1ebfu v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n ch\u1ed1ng g\u1ec9 t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2192 301\/304 c\u00e1n c\u1ee9ng.<br \/>\n&#8211; C\u1ea7n d\u1ebbo\/t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh s\u00e2u: 304\/304L\/305; v\u1edbi chi ti\u1ebft m\u1ecfng, ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u DDQ.<br \/>\n&#8211; C\u1ea7n ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t: 321\/347 (540\u2013870\u00b0C), 309S\/310S (>900\u00b0C), 304\/316 (<850\u00b0C).\n- C\u1ea7n b\u1ec1n ch\u1ea3y cao nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u1ed1ng g\u1ec9: duplex 2205 (d\u01b0\u1edbi 300\u00b0C d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n).\n\nB\u01b0\u1edbc 2 \u2013 Ki\u1ec3m tra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0103n m\u00f2n \u0111i k\u00e8m:\n- C\u00f3 Cl- n\u00f3ng (>60\u00b0C): \u01b0u ti\u00ean 316L\/2205; tr\u00e1nh 304 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t k\u00e9o v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t.<br \/>\n&#8211; Kh\u00ed SOx\/Nox n\u00f3ng: 309S\/310S ho\u1eb7c 316 t\u00f9y nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9.<\/p>\n<p>B\u01b0\u1edbc 3 \u2013 Xem x\u00e9t quy tr\u00ecnh gia c\u00f4ng:<br \/>\n&#8211; D\u1eadp s\u00e2u nhi\u1ec1u b\u01b0\u1edbc: ch\u1ecdn austenitic L-grade, c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc \u1ee7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc.<br \/>\n&#8211; H\u00e0n d\u00e0y\/\u0111a l\u1edbp: ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o, ch\u1ecdn que\/kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 308L cho 304, 316L d\u00f9ng 316L\/317L; duplex d\u00f9ng 2209), l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch v\u1ebft ch\u00e1y nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ed1ng g\u1ec9.<\/p>\n<p>B\u01b0\u1edbc 4 \u2013 X\u00e1c nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9:<br \/>\n&#8211; Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u01a1 t\u00ednh theo ASTM A240 (t\u1ea5m), A276 (thanh), A554 (\u1ed1ng trang tr\u00ed), A312 (\u1ed1ng \u00e1p l\u1ef1c); th\u1eed c\u01a1 t\u00ednh theo ASTM E8, \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng theo ASTM E18\/E10.<br \/>\n&#8211; Nh\u1eadn mill test certificate (MTC) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, c\u01a1 t\u00ednh, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng giao h\u00e0ng (2B, BA, No.1, c\u00e1n c\u1ee9ng).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-6-luu-y-khi-kiem-soat-chat-luong-tai-xuong\">L\u01b0u \u00fd khi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1i x\u01b0\u1edfng<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; \u0110o \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng sau d\u1eadp\/c\u00e1n c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh qu\u00e1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd; v\u1edbi austenitic, bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee9ng ngu\u1ed9i c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 quanh l\u1ed7\/bavia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y n\u1ee9t ch\u1eadm.<br \/>\n&#8211; V\u1edbi chi ti\u1ebft ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 r\u00e3o: d\u00f9ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t cho ph\u00e9p theo ASME II-D n\u1ebfu l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t h\u00e0n: austenitic \u00edt nh\u1ea1y nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o nh\u01b0ng n\u00ean tr\u00e1nh qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec7t; duplex gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 interpass theo khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o (th\u01b0\u1eddng <150\u00b0C) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng pha.\n- X\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t sau h\u00e0n (t\u1ea9y g\u1ec9\/passivation) \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i l\u1edbp th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea9m\/nhi\u1ec5m mu\u1ed1i \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc.\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"toc-7-vi-du-chon-nhanh-theo-tinh-huong\">V\u00ed d\u1ee5 ch\u1ecdn nhanh theo t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; B\u1ed3n ch\u1ee9a, \u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u u\u1ed1n l\u01b0\u1ee3n: 304L (d\u1ebbo, d\u1ec5 h\u00e0n); n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 chloride\/lau r\u1eeda n\u00f3ng \u2192 316L.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u1ed0ng kh\u00f3i l\u00f2 \u0111\u1ed1t r\u00e1c 900\u20131,000\u00b0C: 309S\/310S cho \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00f3ng nh\u1ea5t; c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n ngu\u1ed9i h\u01a1n d\u00f9ng 304\/316 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u chi ph\u00ed.<br \/>\n&#8211; Dao c\u1eaft, tr\u1ee5c ch\u1ecbu m\u00e0i: 420\/440C t\u00f4i ram \u0111\u1ea1t HRC 50\u00b1; n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n ch\u1ed1ng g\u1ec9 cao \u1edf m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u1ee9ng \u2192 17-4PH (H900\/H1025).<br \/>\n&#8211; L\u01b0\u1edbi\/b\u0103ng t\u1ea3i l\u00f2 s\u1ea5y 300\u2013500\u00b0C: 304\/321; tr\u00e1nh duplex d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7t cao.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-8-cac-sai-lam-pho-bien-can-tranh\">C\u00e1c sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; D\u00f9ng 304 cho k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u ch\u1ecbu k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n \u1edf >550\u00b0C: nguy c\u01a1 r\u00e3o v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m \u0103n m\u00f2n.<br \/>\n&#8211; D\u00f9ng duplex\/430 cho nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao k\u00e9o d\u00e0i: gi\u00f2n 475\u00b0C\/sigma g\u00e2y n\u1ee9t gi\u00f2n.<br \/>\n&#8211; U\u1ed1n g\u1eaft t\u1ea5m ferritic theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1n: d\u1ec5 n\u1ee9t m\u00e9p; t\u0103ng b\u00e1n k\u00ednh u\u1ed1n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng.<br \/>\n&#8211; Qu\u00ean l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch v\u00f9ng h\u00e0n: v\u1ebft ch\u00e1y nhi\u1ec7t l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-9-ket-luan\">K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ed1ng m\u00e0i m\u00f2n v\u00e0 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n; t\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee9ng ngu\u1ed9i (austenitic) ho\u1eb7c t\u00f4i\/ram, h\u00f3a b\u1ec1n (martensitic, PH).<br \/>\n&#8211; \u0110\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo chi ph\u1ed1i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eadp\/u\u1ed1n; austenitic (304\/316) l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u cho t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh, ferritic\/martensitic \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi b\u00e1n k\u00ednh u\u1ed1n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy tr\u00ecnh.<br \/>\n&#8211; Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u201cnhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i \u0111a\u201d m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng \u00f4xy h\u00f3a, r\u00e3o v\u00e0 nguy c\u01a1 gi\u00f2n; 309S\/310S cho nhi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t cao, 321\/347 cho trung nhi\u1ec7t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, duplex h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf d\u00f9ng d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n tr\u00ean ~300\u00b0C.<br \/>\n&#8211; L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang m\u00e1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng (c\u1ee9ng, d\u1ebbo, nhi\u1ec7t), t\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, quy tr\u00ecnh gia c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. Lu\u00f4n x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng MTC v\u00e0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m theo ASTM\/EN tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<p>N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n b\u1ea3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u01a1 t\u00ednh theo chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0y c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb b\u00e1n k\u00ednh u\u1ed1n theo t\u1eebng m\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n thay th\u1ebf t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, h\u00e3y chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a y\u00eau c\u1ea7u theo m\u00e1c, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i giao h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c; c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9; so s\u00e1nh 304, 316, 430, 410, duplex v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c cho gia c\u00f4ng &#038; nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":1010,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1108","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tin-tuc"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1108","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1108"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1108\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/media\/1010"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1108"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1108"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1108"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}