{"id":1119,"date":"2025-09-29T12:35:35","date_gmt":"2025-09-29T05:35:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inox-316-316l-giai-phap-chong-an-mon-toi-uu-cho-bien-va-hoa-chat\/"},"modified":"2025-09-29T12:35:35","modified_gmt":"2025-09-29T05:35:35","slug":"inox-316-316l-giai-phap-chong-an-mon-toi-uu-cho-bien-va-hoa-chat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inox-316-316l-giai-phap-chong-an-mon-toi-uu-cho-bien-va-hoa-chat\/","title":{"rendered":"Inox 316\/316L: Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n t\u1ed1i \u01b0u cho bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"custom-toc\">\n<h3>N\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-0-thanh-phan-ky-hieu-va-vai-tro-cua-molypden\">Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a molypden<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-1-co-che-va-hanh-vi-chong-an-mon-trong-thuc-te\">C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-2-316-vs-316l-vs-316ti-va-so-sanh-voi-3042205904l\">316 vs 316L vs 316Ti v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi 304\/2205\/904L<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-3-hieu-nang-trong-moi-truong-bien-tu-ven-bo-den-ngap\">Hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n: t\u1eeb ven b\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u1eadp m\u1eb7n<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-4-kha-nang-chiu-hoa-chat-dien-hinh\">Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-5-tinh-chat-co-hoc-va-vat-ly-quan-trong\">T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-6-han-xu-ly-be-mat-va-gia-cong\">H\u00e0n, x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 gia c\u00f4ng<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-7-tieu-chuan-dang-hang-va-kiem-dinh\">Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, d\u1ea1ng h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-8-huong-dan-lua-chon-nhanh-theo-dieu-kien\">H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nhanh theo \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-9-ung-dung-thuc-te-tai-viet-nam\">\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-10-chi-phi-va-tinh-san-co\">Chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u00ednh s\u1eb5n c\u00f3<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-11-kinh-nghiem-thiet-ke-lap-dat-de-toi-da-hoa-tuoi-th\">Kinh nghi\u1ec7m thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u2013 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-12-ket-luan\">K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Inox 316\/316L l\u00e0 m\u00e1c th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 austenitic t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng molypden (Mo), n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1edd kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7 pitting v\u00e0 k\u1ebd crevice v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7n, clo v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7: th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n, so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi 304\/2205\/904L, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, h\u00e0n-gia c\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u theo \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh gh\u00e9p quan tr\u1ecdng trong b\u1ee9c tranh \u201cPh\u00e2n t\u00edch Chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c M\u00e1c Inox Ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn\u201d, nh\u01b0ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 tin.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-0-thanh-phan-ky-hieu-va-vai-tro-cua-molypden\">Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a molypden<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf:<br \/>\n  &#8211; UNS S31600 (316), S31603 (316L)<br \/>\n  &#8211; EN 1.4401 (316), 1.4404 (316L), 1.4435 (316L Mo cao), 1.4436 (316 Mo cao)<br \/>\n&#8211; Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p: ASTM A240 (t\u1ea5m\/cu\u1ed9n), A312 (\u1ed1ng h\u00e0n\/\u0111\u00fac), A270 (\u1ed1ng vi sinh), A276 (thanh), A182 (m\u1eb7t b\u00edch), A403 (co, t\u00ea, c\u00fat), EN 10088.<br \/>\n&#8211; Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh (% kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng):<br \/>\n  &#8211; Cr 16.5\u201318.5; Ni 10\u201313; Mo 2.0\u20132.5 (c\u00f3 m\u00e1c n\u00e2ng Mo t\u1edbi ~2.7\u20133.0); Mn \u22642; Si \u22641; N 0.03\u20130.10; C \u22640.08 (316), \u22640.03 (316L).<br \/>\n&#8211; Vai tr\u00f2 Mo v\u00e0 N:<br \/>\n  &#8211; Mo t\u0103ng m\u1ea1nh kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7\/k\u1ebd trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9a ion Cl\u2212, t\u0103ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0ng th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng.<br \/>\n  &#8211; N (khi c\u00f3) t\u0103ng b\u1ec1n ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 PREN (Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number):<br \/>\n  &#8211; C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang: PREN = %Cr + 3.3\u00d7%Mo + 16\u00d7%N.<br \/>\n  &#8211; 316\/316L \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh: PREN \u2248 24\u201326 (cao h\u01a1n 304: ~18\u201319).<br \/>\n  &#8211; So s\u00e1nh tham chi\u1ebfu: 2205 duplex \u2248 34\u201336; 904L \u2248 34\u201336; 254SMO \u2248 43\u201346.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-1-co-che-va-hanh-vi-chong-an-mon-trong-thuc-te\">C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/h2>\n<h3>M\u00e0ng th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0103n m\u00f2n c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; L\u1edbp th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng Cr2O3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Mo \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 Cl\u2212.<br \/>\n&#8211; 316\/316L v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i 304 \u1edf:<br \/>\n  &#8211; R\u1ed7 pitting: kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t t\u1ea1i khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t, v\u1ebft x\u01b0\u1edbc.<br \/>\n  &#8211; \u0102n m\u00f2n k\u1ebd crevice: t\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i ch\u1ed3ng, gio\u0103ng, bulong, khe l\u1eafp.<br \/>\n&#8211; Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ed7 t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n (CPT, th\u1eed G48) tham kh\u1ea3o:<br \/>\n  &#8211; 316\/316L: ~10\u201320\u00b0C; 2205: ~25\u201330\u00b0C; 904L: ~25\u201335\u00b0C; 254SMO: >50\u00b0C.<\/p>\n<h3>Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n clorua theo \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 (g\u1ee3i \u00fd th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh)<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh. Quy t\u1eafc ng\u00f3n tay c\u00e1i \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ea1ch, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u1ecbn:<br \/>\n  &#8211; N\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee9a Cl\u2212 \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f2ng, d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y t\u1ed1t, \u00edt k\u1ebd: 316\/316L c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u2248 200\u20131,000 ppm Cl\u2212.<br \/>\n  &#8211; C\u00f3 k\u1ebd, l\u1eafng mu\u1ed1i, n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f9\/\u1ea5m (>30\u201340\u00b0C): gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3; c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc 2205\/904L.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u1edbi s\u01b0\u01a1ng mu\u1ed1i ven bi\u1ec3n (kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eadp): 316\/316L ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t n\u1ebfu b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u1ecbn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ec7 sinh \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3.<br \/>\n&#8211; L\u01b0u \u00fd: b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 HCl ho\u1eb7c FeCl3 \u0111\u1ec1u nguy hi\u1ec3m; 316\/316L kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n<h3>\u1ee8ng su\u1ea5t \u2013 n\u1ee9t SCC do clorua<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; 316\/316L c\u00f3 ch\u1ed1ng SCC t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n 304 nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn nh\u1ea1y khi:<br \/>\n  &#8211; T > 50\u201360\u00b0C, Cl\u2212 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t k\u00e9o (h\u00e0n, u\u1ed1n, l\u1eafp).<br \/>\n&#8211; Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p: gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ecbch, \u1ee7 gi\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t khi kh\u1ea3 thi, ch\u1ecdn 2205\/2507 khi r\u1ee7i ro SCC cao.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0102n m\u00f2n \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a (galvanic) trong bi\u1ec3n<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Tr\u00e1nh gh\u00e9p v\u1edbi th\u00e9p carbon, k\u1ebdm, nh\u00f4m trong n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7n. N\u1ebfu bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i gh\u00e9p:<br \/>\n  &#8211; D\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec7m c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n, s\u01a1n c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ecdn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 c\u00f9ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u.<br \/>\n  &#8211; \u01afu ti\u00ean b\u1eaft v\u00edt\/neo c\u0169ng b\u1eb1ng 316\/316L.<\/p>\n<h3>Tea-staining (\u1ed1 n\u00e2u) ven bi\u1ec3n<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0103n m\u00f2n xuy\u00ean s\u00e2u nh\u01b0ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9. Gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u b\u1eb1ng:<br \/>\n  &#8211; B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u1ecbn (No. 2B + electropolish ho\u1eb7c Satin\/HL c\u00f3 Ra th\u1ea5p), tr\u00e1nh x\u01b0\u1edbc.<br \/>\n  &#8211; R\u1eeda n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 (2\u20134 tu\u1ea7n\/l\u1ea7n trong ph\u1ea1m vi 5 km b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n).<br \/>\n  &#8211; Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u201cheat tint\u201d sau h\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ea9y pickling + passivation.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-2-316-vs-316l-vs-316ti-va-so-sanh-voi-3042205904l\">316 vs 316L vs 316Ti v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi 304\/2205\/904L<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; 316 vs 316L:<br \/>\n  &#8211; 316L c\u00f3 C \u22640.03% gi\u1ea3m nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a carbide (450\u2013850\u00b0C), ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n li\u00ean tinh sau h\u00e0n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<br \/>\n  &#8211; C\u01a1 t\u00ednh 316 cao h\u01a1n nh\u1eb9 (t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u), nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf h\u00e0ng \u201cdual-certified 316\/316L\u201d r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u1ea3 hai.<br \/>\n&#8211; 316Ti (EN 1.4571):<br \/>\n  &#8211; \u1ed4n \u0111\u1ecbnh Ti ch\u1ed1ng k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a carbide \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t cao, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c 400\u2013800\u00b0C; ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf EU. Ch\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng h\u01a1n 316L.<br \/>\n&#8211; So s\u00e1nh nhanh theo \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng:<br \/>\n  &#8211; 304\/304L: n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea1ch, Cl\u2212 th\u1ea5p; ven bi\u1ec3n d\u1ec5 \u1ed1\/r\u1ed7.<br \/>\n  &#8211; 316\/316L: ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cho bi\u1ec3n, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7n lo\u00e3ng, h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t nh\u1eb9\u2013trung b\u00ecnh, F&#038;B\/d\u01b0\u1ee3c (316L).<br \/>\n  &#8211; 2205 duplex: Cl\u2212 cao, nhi\u1ec7t >40\u00b0C, SCC \u0111\u00e1ng lo, t\u1ea3i c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc cao.<br \/>\n  &#8211; 904L\/super austenitic: acid m\u1ea1nh (H2SO4), Cl\u2212 r\u1ea5t cao, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u CPT cao; chi ph\u00ed l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-3-hieu-nang-trong-moi-truong-bien-tu-ven-bo-den-ngap\">Hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n: t\u1eeb ven b\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u1eadp m\u1eb7n<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; V\u00f9ng phun s\u00f3ng\/s\u01b0\u01a1ng mu\u1ed1i (atmospheric marine):<br \/>\n  &#8211; 316\/316L ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho lan can, v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc, bulong, thang, b\u01a1m, t\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec7n ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Ch\u1ecdn b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u1ecbn, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf khe, tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ed1t, v\u1ec7 sinh \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ng\u1eadp m\u1eb7n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c:<br \/>\n  &#8211; 316\/316L d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n m\u00e1t v\u00e0 s\u1ea1ch, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ea3y \u22651 m\/s gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m c\u1eb7n b\u00e1m.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Khu v\u1ef1c l\u1eafng b\u1ea9n, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5m (>30\u00b0C), b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 k\u1ebd: c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc 2205 tr\u1edf l\u00ean.<br \/>\n&#8211; RO\/Desalination:<br \/>\n  &#8211; 316L cho n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea5p s\u01a1 b\u1ed9\/khung, \u1ed1ng \u00e1p l\u1ef1c cao th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng duplex\/super austenitic.<br \/>\n&#8211; Th\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec7t:<br \/>\n  &#8211; 316\/316L d\u00f9ng t\u1ed1t \u1edf v\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 Cl\u2212 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t; n\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 Cl\u2212 cao, \u01b0u ti\u00ean 2205.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-4-kha-nang-chiu-hoa-chat-dien-hinh\">Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Axit:<br \/>\n  &#8211; HNO3: r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p\u2013trung b\u00ecnh.<br \/>\n  &#8211; H2SO4: t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ebfn trung b\u00ecnh \u1edf <20% v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t th\u1ea5p; 904L t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c\/n\u00f3ng.\n  - H3PO4: s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ebfn trung b\u00ecnh, n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eeba.\n  - HCl: kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9; nguy c\u01a1 r\u1ed7\/\u0111\u1ee5c nhanh.\n  - Axit h\u1eefu c\u01a1 (axetic, formic): 316\/316L t\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong F&#038;B\/d\u01b0\u1ee3c.\n- Ki\u1ec1m:\n  - NaOH\/KOH: t\u1ed1t t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao, tr\u00e1nh t\u1ea1p Cl\u2212 v\u00e0 k\u1ebd h\u1edf.\n- Mu\u1ed1i:\n  - Clorua s\u1eaft, \u0111\u1ed3ng: r\u1ea5t \u0103n m\u00f2n; tr\u00e1nh ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac.\n- Dung m\u00f4i h\u1eefu c\u01a1: n\u00f3i chung tr\u01a1; ch\u00fa \u00fd ph\u1ee5 gia halogen.\n\nKhuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o: lu\u00f4n ki\u1ec3m tra bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc theo n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, khu\u1ea5y tr\u1ed9n v\u00e0 t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t.\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"toc-5-tinh-chat-co-hoc-va-vat-ly-quan-trong\">T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; C\u01a1 t\u00ednh t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u (t\u1ea5m theo ASTM A240, \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ee7):<br \/>\n  &#8211; 316: Rm \u2265 515 MPa; Rp0.2 \u2265 205 MPa; A5 \u2265 40%.<br \/>\n  &#8211; 316L: Rm \u2265 485 MPa; Rp0.2 \u2265 170 MPa; A5 \u2265 40%.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a: ~217 HB (~95 HRB).<br \/>\n&#8211; T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd:<br \/>\n  &#8211; Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang ~8.0 g\/cm3; M\u00f4 \u0111un \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i ~193 GPa.<br \/>\n  &#8211; H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t ~16 \u00b5m\/m\u00b7K (20\u2013100\u00b0C).<br \/>\n  &#8211; D\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t ~16 W\/m\u00b7K (\u1edf 100\u00b0C); \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf su\u1ea5t ~0.74 \u00b5\u03a9\u00b7m.<br \/>\n&#8211; T\u1eeb t\u00ednh: g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ee7; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec5m t\u1eeb nh\u1eb9 sau c\u00e1n\/\u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh ngu\u1ed9i.<br \/>\n&#8211; Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cao:<br \/>\n  &#8211; Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu oxy h\u00f3a t\u1ed1t t\u1edbi ~870\u00b0C gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n. 316L c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 316 t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao k\u00e9o d\u00e0i; n\u1ebfu l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c l\u00e2u d\u00e0i 400\u2013800\u00b0C c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc 316Ti.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-6-han-xu-ly-be-mat-va-gia-cong\">H\u00e0n, x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 gia c\u00f4ng<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; H\u00e0n:<br \/>\n  &#8211; V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u00e0n: ER316L\/316LSi (GMAW\/GTAW); que 316L cho SMAW; d\u00f9ng kh\u00ed Ar, back purging trong \u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u201csugaring\u201d.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o, tr\u00e1nh qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec7t; m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ferrite s\u1ed1 FN ~3\u201310 trong kim lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u1ee9t n\u00f3ng.<br \/>\n  &#8211; 316L gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 \u0103n m\u00f2n li\u00ean tinh sau h\u00e0n; kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n PWHT trong \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<br \/>\n&#8211; X\u1eed l\u00fd sau h\u00e0n:<br \/>\n  &#8211; Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u00e0u nhi\u1ec7t (heat tint) b\u1eb1ng pickling (h\u1ed7n HNO3\/HF) ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc + passivation (HNO3\/citric) \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1edbp th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Electropolish t\u0103ng m\u1ecbn b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7 v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh CIP.<br \/>\n&#8211; Gia c\u00f4ng \u2013 t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh:<br \/>\n  &#8211; Austenitic c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo cao, d\u1ec5 u\u1ed1n; d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng springback l\u1edbn h\u01a1n th\u00e9p carbon 50\u201360%.<br \/>\n  &#8211; C\u1eaft plasma\/laser t\u1ed1t; khoan\/taro d\u00f9ng dung d\u1ecbch c\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a Cl\u2212.<br \/>\n  &#8211; B\u00e1n k\u00ednh u\u1ed1n khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb \u2265 1\u00d7t (t\u00f9y chi\u1ec1u c\u00e1n, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ngu\u1ed9i).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-7-tieu-chuan-dang-hang-va-kiem-dinh\">Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, d\u1ea1ng h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; D\u1ea1ng cung c\u1ea5p:<br \/>\n  &#8211; T\u1ea5m\/cu\u1ed9n 2B, BA, No.4\/HL, g\u01b0\u01a1ng; d\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn 0.5\u201350 mm.<br \/>\n  &#8211; \u1ed0ng h\u00e0n\/\u0111\u00fac A312 TP316\/316L; \u1ed1ng vi sinh A270 316L (b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u1ed9i Ra \u22640.8\u20130.4 \u00b5m).<br \/>\n  &#8211; Thanh tr\u00f2n\/l\u1ee5c gi\u00e1c A276; m\u1eb7t b\u00edch A182; ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n A403.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra:<br \/>\n  &#8211; Ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u EN 10204 3.1; PMI x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t Mo).<br \/>\n  &#8211; Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e1m b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t cho F&#038;B\/d\u01b0\u1ee3c theo ASME BPE khi c\u1ea7n.<br \/>\n&#8211; Dual certification:<br \/>\n  &#8211; Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y c\u1ea5p 316L \u0111\u1ea1t c\u01a1 t\u00ednh 316 (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi \u201c316\/316L\u201d), thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-8-huong-dan-lua-chon-nhanh-theo-dieu-kien\">H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nhanh theo \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Ven bi\u1ec3n, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi:<br \/>\n  &#8211; 316\/316L + b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u1ecbn + v\u1ec7 sinh \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3. V\u00f9ng phun s\u00f3ng m\u1ea1nh\/thi\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec: c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc 2205.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng\/d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n m\u00e1t, s\u1ea1ch:<br \/>\n  &#8211; 316L ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p; c\u00f3 k\u1ebd\/\u0111\u1ecdng b\u1ea9n\/\u1ea5m: 2205.<br \/>\n&#8211; H\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t:<br \/>\n  &#8211; Axit h\u1eefu c\u01a1\/photphoric lo\u00e3ng \u2013 316\/316L.<br \/>\n  &#8211; H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c\/\u1ea5m \u2013 904L ho\u1eb7c si\u00eau austenitic.<br \/>\n  &#8211; M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9a HCl\/FeCl3 \u2013 tr\u00e1nh austenitic Mo th\u1ea5p; ch\u1ecdn h\u1ee3p kim cao c\u1ea5p.<br \/>\n&#8211; Nhi\u1ec7t > 60\u00b0C v\u00e0 Cl\u2212 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3:<br \/>\n  &#8211; \u01afu ti\u00ean duplex (2205\/2507) \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m SCC v\u00e0 t\u0103ng CPT.<br \/>\n&#8211; H\u00e0n nhi\u1ec1u, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec7 sinh\/CIP:<br \/>\n  &#8211; 316L (\u1ed1ng vi sinh A270), m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c pickling\/passivation, Ra \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-9-ung-dung-thuc-te-tai-viet-nam\">\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ven bi\u1ec3n: lan can, bu l\u00f4ng neo, thang, b\u1eadc c\u1ea7u c\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1i H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng, Qu\u1ea3ng Ninh, \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng; \u01b0u ti\u00ean 316\/316L ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n m\u1ecbn, v\u1ec7 sinh \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3.<br \/>\n&#8211; H\u1ec7 RO \u2013 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ee3\/n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7n: khung, \u1ed1ng g\u00f3p ti\u1ec1n x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng 316L; m\u1ea1ch cao \u00e1p th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng duplex.<br \/>\n&#8211; F&#038;B\/d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m: b\u1ed3n, \u1ed1ng vi sinh 316L, m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n n\u1ed9i b\u00f3ng, Ra \u22640.8\u20130.4 \u00b5m, CIP NaOH\/HNO3.<br \/>\n&#8211; H\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t: b\u1ed3n ch\u1ee9a axit h\u1eefu c\u01a1, ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n l\u1ecfng, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb trao \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t n\u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-10-chi-phi-va-tinh-san-co\">Chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u00ednh s\u1eb5n c\u00f3<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; 316\/316L \u0111\u1eaft h\u01a1n 304 kho\u1ea3ng 20\u201340% do ch\u1ee9a Mo v\u00e0 Ni cao; bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng theo ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 Ni\/Mo.<br \/>\n&#8211; H\u00e0ng 316L dual-certified ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, r\u00fat ng\u1eafn th\u1eddi gian giao; d\u1ea1ng t\u1ea5m 2B\/No.4 v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng A312 TP316L s\u1eb5n kho r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i.<br \/>\n&#8211; T\u1ed1i \u01b0u chi ph\u00ed b\u1eb1ng:<br \/>\n  &#8211; Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p (kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c), thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf k\u1ebd, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u1ec7 sinh \u2013 th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ebb h\u01a1n n\u00e2ng m\u00e1c l\u00ean 2205\/904L.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-11-kinh-nghiem-thiet-ke-lap-dat-de-toi-da-hoa-tuoi-th\">Kinh nghi\u1ec7m thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u2013 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Tr\u00e1nh khe k\u1ebd, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ee9ng thay v\u00ec n\u1eb1m ngang gi\u1eef mu\u1ed1i.<br \/>\n&#8211; D\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n, bulong c\u00f9ng m\u00e1c 316\/316L; c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n khi l\u1eafp v\u00e0o th\u00e9p carbon.<br \/>\n&#8211; R\u1eeda n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n; lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf b\u1ee5i xi m\u0103ng\/Fe sau thi c\u00f4ng.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0n, b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c x\u1eed l\u00fd heat tint v\u00e0 passivation.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-12-ket-luan\">K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n<p>Inox 316\/316L l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn chu\u1ea9n cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t nh\u1edd Mo t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7\/k\u1ebd, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00e0n t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 t\u00ednh s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. 316L v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i trong c\u00e1c k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u h\u00e0n, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec7 sinh, c\u00f2n 316Ti ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00f9ng 400\u2013800\u00b0C. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0 clorua l\u1edbn ho\u1eb7c r\u1ee7i ro SCC nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, duplex 2205 hay austenitic cao c\u1ea5p (904L, 254SMO) m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. H\u00e3y k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c \u0111\u00fang, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u1ecbn, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf gi\u1ea3m k\u1ebd v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c t\u1ed1i \u0111a tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u chi ph\u00ed v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a 316\/316L trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u inox 316\/316L: th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, PREN, ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng clorua, h\u00e0n, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t. So s\u00e1nh 304, 2205, 904L c\u00f9ng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb ch\u1ecdn.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":1006,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1119","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tin-tuc"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1119","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1119"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1119\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/media\/1006"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1119"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1119"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1119"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}