{"id":1124,"date":"2025-09-30T12:34:52","date_gmt":"2025-09-30T05:34:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/thanh-phan-inox-304-vai-tro-quyet-dinh-cua-niken-va-crom-chi-tiet\/"},"modified":"2025-09-30T12:34:52","modified_gmt":"2025-09-30T05:34:52","slug":"thanh-phan-inox-304-vai-tro-quyet-dinh-cua-niken-va-crom-chi-tiet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/thanh-phan-inox-304-vai-tro-quyet-dinh-cua-niken-va-crom-chi-tiet\/","title":{"rendered":"Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n Inox 304: Vai tr\u00f2 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Niken v\u00e0 Crom chi ti\u1ebft"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"custom-toc\">\n<h3>N\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-0-thanh-phan-hoa-hoc-chuan-cua-inox-304-304l-304h\">Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a Inox 304, 304L, 304H<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-1-vi-sao-crom-la-chia-khoa-chong-an-mon-cua-304\">V\u00ec sao Crom l\u00e0 \u201cch\u00eca kh\u00f3a\u201d ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a 304?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-2-niken-lam-gi-trong-inox-304\">Niken l\u00e0m g\u00ec trong Inox 304?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-3-tuong-quan-nicr-kiem-soat-pha-va-tinh-nang-theo-so\">T\u01b0\u01a1ng quan Ni\/Cr: ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t pha v\u00e0 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng theo s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Schaeffler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-4-nhay-cam-hoa-sensitization-va-lua-chon-304l304h\">Nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m h\u00f3a (sensitization) v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn 304L\/304H<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-5-hieu-nang-an-mon-thuc-te-304-dung-o-dau-la-dung-ch\">Hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng \u0103n m\u00f2n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf: 304 d\u00f9ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u00fang ch\u1ed7\u201d?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-6-so-sanh-nhanh-theo-chia-khoa-nicr\">So s\u00e1nh nhanh theo \u201cch\u00eca kh\u00f3a Ni\u2013Cr\u201d<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-7-gia-cong-han-va-xu-ly-nhiet-luu-y-de-giu-uu-the-ni\">Gia c\u00f4ng, h\u00e0n v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t: l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cgi\u1eef\u201d \u01b0u th\u1ebf Ni\u2013Cr<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-8-kiem-chung-thanh-phan-tranh-nham-inox-201430-thanh\">Ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n: tr\u00e1nh nh\u1ea7m inox 201\/430 th\u00e0nh 304<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-9-lua-chon-mac-theo-dieu-kien-su-dung-pho-bien-o-vie\">L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c theo \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-10-faq-ngan-cac-cau-hoi-ky-thuat-thuong-gap\">FAQ ng\u1eafn: c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-11-ket-luan\">K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Inox 304 l\u00e0 m\u00e1c austenit th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 \u201c18-8\u201d nh\u1edd kho\u1ea3ng 18% Crom (Cr) v\u00e0 8% Niken (Ni). Hai nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec5m t\u1eeb, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh gia c\u00f4ng \u2013 h\u00e0n c\u1ee7a 304. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111i th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a Inox 304\/304L\/304H v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch vai tr\u00f2 then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a Ni v\u00e0 Cr, k\u00e8m c\u00e1c l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn theo \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-0-thanh-phan-hoa-hoc-chuan-cua-inox-304-304l-304h\">Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a Inox 304, 304L, 304H<\/h2>\n<p>Tham chi\u1ebfu ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASTM A240\/A276, JIS G4304\/G4305, EN 10088 (gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh; c\u00f3 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t):<br \/>\n&#8211; Inox 304 (UNS S30400; EN 1.4301; SUS304)<br \/>\n  &#8211; Cr: 18.0\u201320.0%<br \/>\n  &#8211; Ni: 8.0\u201310.5%<br \/>\n  &#8211; C: \u22640.08%<br \/>\n  &#8211; Mn: \u22642.0%; Si: \u22641.0%<br \/>\n  &#8211; P: \u22640.045%; S: \u22640.030%<br \/>\n  &#8211; N: \u22640.10% (th\u01b0\u1eddng 0.03\u20130.07%)<br \/>\n  &#8211; Fe: c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i<br \/>\n&#8211; Inox 304L (UNS S30403; EN 1.4307; SUS304L)<br \/>\n  &#8211; Gi\u1ed1ng 304 nh\u01b0ng C \u22640.03% \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m h\u00f3a (sensitization) khi h\u00e0n<br \/>\n  &#8211; D\u1ea3i Ni r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n (ASTM th\u01b0\u1eddng 8.0\u201312.0%) \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh pha austenit khi gi\u1ea3m C<br \/>\n&#8211; Inox 304H (UNS S30409; EN 1.4948)<br \/>\n  &#8211; C: 0.04\u20130.10% \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng b\u1ec1n \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao; Ni th\u01b0\u1eddng 8.0\u201310.5%<\/p>\n<p>G\u1ee3i \u00fd c\u01a1 t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh (tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ee7): gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ch\u1ea3y \u2265205 MPa; b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o \u2265515 MPa; gi\u00e3n d\u00e0i \u226540%; \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng \u226492 HRB.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-1-vi-sao-crom-la-chia-khoa-chong-an-mon-cua-304\">V\u00ec sao Crom l\u00e0 \u201cch\u00eca kh\u00f3a\u201d ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a 304?<\/h2>\n<h3>C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0ng th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng Cr2O3<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u226510.5% Cr, th\u00e9p \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u00e0ng th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng Cr2O3 r\u1ea5t m\u1ecfng, b\u1ec1n ch\u1eb7t, t\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sinh khi b\u1ecb tr\u1ea7y x\u01b0\u1edbc trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 oxy.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u1ede Inox 304, m\u1ee9c 18\u201320% Cr gi\u00fap:<br \/>\n  &#8211; T\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n, n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch, nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u2013 nh\u1eb9.<br \/>\n  &#8211; C\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng oxy h\u00f3a \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao so v\u1edbi th\u00e9p th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n<h3>\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi \u201c\u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n r\u1ed7\u201d v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c PREN<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Ch\u1ecbu r\u1ed7 (pitting) trong dung d\u1ecbch clorua ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o Cr v\u00e0 Mo, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1edfi N.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 PREN x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9: PREN = %Cr + 3.3\u00d7%Mo + 16\u00d7%N.<br \/>\n  &#8211; 304: Cr ~18.5%, Mo \u22480, N ~0.05\u20130.10 \u2192 PREN kho\u1ea3ng 19\u201320.<br \/>\n  &#8211; 316: Cr ~17%, Mo ~2.1%, N ~0.05\u20130.10 \u2192 PREN kho\u1ea3ng 23\u201326 (kh\u00e1ng r\u1ed7 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n 304).<br \/>\n&#8211; H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf: 304 d\u00f9ng t\u1ed1t trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n trong \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf ven bi\u1ec3n\/ion Cl- cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb r\u1ed7\/\u1ed1 tr\u00e0 (tea staining). Khi \u0111\u00f3 316\/316L l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn b\u1ec1n h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<h3>Cr v\u00e0 vi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, h\u00e0n<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Cr l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 t\u1ea1o pha ferrit; t\u0103ng Cr l\u00e0m t\u0103ng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ferrit \u03b4 (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong kim lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n).<br \/>\n&#8211; Trong h\u00e0n 304, m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf ferrit (FN ~3\u201310) l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh n\u1ee9t n\u00f3ng. Do \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u que\/d\u00e2y h\u00e0n th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i 308\/308L (Cr v\u00e0 Ni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t FN m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-2-niken-lam-gi-trong-inox-304\">Niken l\u00e0m g\u00ec trong Inox 304?<\/h2>\n<h3>\u1ed4n \u0111\u1ecbnh austenit, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec5m t\u1eeb<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Ni l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh austenit. V\u1edbi ~8\u201310.5% Ni, 304 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac austenit \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f2ng, kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec5m t\u1eeb trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ee7.<br \/>\n&#8211; L\u01b0u \u00fd: bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng ngu\u1ed9i (c\u00e1n ngu\u1ed9i, d\u1eadp s\u00e2u) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o mactenxit bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng, khi\u1ebfn 304 h\u01a1i h\u00fat nam ch\u00e2m \u2013 \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u201ckh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i inox 304\u201d.<\/p>\n<h3>C\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo, \u0111\u1ed9 dai v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gia c\u00f4ng<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Ni gi\u00fap 304 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo, \u0111\u1ed9 dai r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t, formability cao (ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p d\u1eadp s\u00e2u ch\u1eadu, b\u1ed3n).<br \/>\n&#8211; T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f3a b\u1ec1n bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng cao \u2192 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o sau gia c\u00f4ng ngu\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u1ef1c khu\u00f4n v\u00e0 h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n \u0103n m\u00f2n \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t (SCC) v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng clorua<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Ni c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1ng SCC so v\u1edbi th\u00e9p ferrit\/mactenxit, nh\u01b0ng 304 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 SCC trong dung d\u1ecbch clorua n\u00f3ng (>60\u00b0C) d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t k\u00e9o. Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, gi\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c chuy\u1ec3n 316\/duplex n\u1ebfu m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-3-tuong-quan-nicr-kiem-soat-pha-va-tinh-nang-theo-so\">T\u01b0\u01a1ng quan Ni\/Cr: ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t pha v\u00e0 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng theo s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Schaeffler<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Schaeffler\/DeLong d\u00f9ng \u201cNi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cCr t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kim lo\u1ea1i sau h\u00e0n.<br \/>\n&#8211; 304 (18Cr-8Ni) n\u1eb1m v\u00f9ng austenit c\u00f3 ch\u00fat ferrit trong kim lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0n (t\u1ed1t ch\u1ed1ng n\u1ee9t n\u00f3ng).<br \/>\n&#8211; V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u00e0n ER308L\/308L-16 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u00e2ng nh\u1eb9 Cr v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh Ni nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea1t FN m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau (th\u01b0\u1eddng 5\u201310) cho m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n 304\/304L.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-4-nhay-cam-hoa-sensitization-va-lua-chon-304l304h\">Nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m h\u00f3a (sensitization) v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn 304L\/304H<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; \u1ede 450\u2013850\u00b0C, C c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a Cr23C6 t\u1ea1i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1t, l\u00e0m ngh\u00e8o Cr c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 \u2192 \u0103n m\u00f2n k\u1ebd h\u1ea1t (IGC).<br \/>\n&#8211; 304L (C \u22640.03%) gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh nguy c\u01a1 n\u00e0y khi h\u00e0n chi ti\u1ebft d\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng x\u1eed l\u00fd dung d\u1ecbch sau h\u00e0n.<br \/>\n&#8211; 304H (C 0.04\u20130.10%) d\u00f9ng cho \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n r\u00e3o; c\u1ea7n quy tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf sigma v\u00e0 gi\u00f2n do pha ph\u1ee5.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-5-hieu-nang-an-mon-thuc-te-304-dung-o-dau-la-dung-ch\">Hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng \u0103n m\u00f2n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf: 304 d\u00f9ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u00fang ch\u1ed7\u201d?<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p:<br \/>\n  &#8211; Kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba, n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u2013 \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng trung t\u00ednh, nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eefu c\u01a1, ki\u1ec1m lo\u00e3ng, axit h\u1eefu c\u01a1 lo\u00e3ng.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u1ebfp, b\u1ed3n ch\u1ee9a, b\u0103ng t\u1ea3i F&#038;B, \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch, trang tr\u00ed n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t.<br \/>\n&#8211; M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc\/kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p:<br \/>\n  &#8211; Ven bi\u1ec3n, h\u1ed3 b\u01a1i, r\u1eeda CIP ch\u1ee9a Cl-, n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng mu\u1ed1i\/axit v\u00f4 c\u01a1 m\u1ea1nh: 304 d\u1ec5 r\u1ed7\/\u1ed1 tr\u00e0\/SCC. \u01afu ti\u00ean 316\/316L ho\u1eb7c duplex 2205.<br \/>\n&#8211; Bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi:<br \/>\n  &#8211; Ch\u1ecdn b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u1ecbn (2B\/BA ho\u1eb7c No.4 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao), tr\u00e1nh khe h\u1edf gi\u1eef mu\u1ed1i, v\u1ec7 sinh \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3, th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a sau gia c\u00f4ng, tr\u00e1nh nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eaft b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-6-so-sanh-nhanh-theo-chia-khoa-nicr\">So s\u00e1nh nhanh theo \u201cch\u00eca kh\u00f3a Ni\u2013Cr\u201d<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; 201 (Cr ~16\u201317%, Ni ~3.5\u20135.5%, Mn\/N cao): chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n r\u1ed7 k\u00e9m h\u01a1n 304, d\u1ec5 \u1ed1 tr\u00e0 \u1edf bi\u1ec3n; \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eadp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0ng nguy c\u01a1 n\u1ee9t \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t clorua cao h\u01a1n.<br \/>\n&#8211; 304 (Cr 18\u201320%, Ni 8\u201310.5%): c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed1t gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1 \u2013 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng; \u201cchu\u1ea9n\u201d cho \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n.<br \/>\n&#8211; 316 (Cr ~16.5\u201318.5%, Ni ~10\u201314%, Mo ~2\u20132.5%): ch\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7 Cl- v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i nh\u1edd Mo; n\u00ean d\u00f9ng cho ven bi\u1ec3n, h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 Cl-.<br \/>\n&#8211; 430 (Cr ~16\u201318%, Ni ~0%): ferrit, nhi\u1ec5m t\u1eeb, ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n k\u00e9m h\u01a1n 304 nh\u01b0ng r\u1ebb, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p trang tr\u00ed n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t kh\u00f4.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-7-gia-cong-han-va-xu-ly-nhiet-luu-y-de-giu-uu-the-ni\">Gia c\u00f4ng, h\u00e0n v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t: l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cgi\u1eef\u201d \u01b0u th\u1ebf Ni\u2013Cr<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Gia c\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh: t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f3a b\u1ec1n cao; c\u1ea7n b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n t\u1ed1t, khu\u00f4n nh\u1eb5n; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ee7 gi\u1ea3i \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t sau t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh n\u1eb7ng.<br \/>\n&#8211; H\u00e0n:<br \/>\n  &#8211; \u01afu ti\u00ean 304L cho m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t sau h\u00e0n.<br \/>\n  &#8211; V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u00e0n: ER308L\/E308L; ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00f9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m h\u00f3a.<br \/>\n  &#8211; L\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch, t\u1ea9y g\u1ec9\u2013th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a sau h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i m\u00e0ng Cr2O3.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u1ee6 dung d\u1ecbch (solution anneal): ~1010\u20131060\u00b0C r\u1ed3i l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i nhanh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f2a tan carbide v\u00e0 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o austenit \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-8-kiem-chung-thanh-phan-tranh-nham-inox-201430-thanh\">Ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n: tr\u00e1nh nh\u1ea7m inox 201\/430 th\u00e0nh 304<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Nam ch\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7: 304 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1i h\u00fat sau c\u00e1n ngu\u1ed9i; 201\/430 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng nam ch\u00e2m l\u00e0m ti\u00eau ch\u00ed duy nh\u1ea5t.<br \/>\n&#8211; PMI\/XRF c\u1ea7m tay: \u0111o nhanh Ni\/Cr\/Mn\/N \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c (201 Ni th\u1ea5p, Mn cao; 430 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Ni).<br \/>\n&#8211; Gi\u1ea5y ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u (MTC) theo EN 10204 3.1: ki\u1ec3m tra heat number, m\u00e1c, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u01a1 t\u00ednh theo ASTM\/JIS\/EN.<br \/>\n&#8211; Th\u1eed \u0103n m\u00f2n t\u1ea1i x\u01b0\u1edfng: ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng quy tr\u00ecnh an to\u00e0n; tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c \u201cm\u1eb9o\u201d axit \u0111\u1ed3ng nguy hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-9-lua-chon-mac-theo-dieu-kien-su-dung-pho-bien-o-vie\">L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c theo \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; \u0110\u1ed3 b\u1ebfp, b\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc trong nh\u00e0, n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t kh\u00f4: 304\/304L l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed \u2013 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb (xa bi\u1ec3n) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec: 304 v\u1eabn ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p; ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ven bi\u1ec3n (<5\u201310 km) ho\u1eb7c h\u01a1i s\u01b0\u01a1ng mu\u1ed1i: \u01b0u ti\u00ean 316\/316L \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u1ed1 tr\u00e0\/r\u1ed7; n\u1ebfu bu\u1ed9c d\u00f9ng 304, c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecdng mu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch v\u1ec7 sinh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t.\n- H\u1ec7 \u1ed1ng\/thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb F&#038;B, d\u01b0\u1ee3c: 304L cho h\u00e0n nhi\u1ec1u; CIP c\u00f3 Cl- n\u00f3ng \u2192 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc 316L.\n- Nhi\u1ec7t cao (kh\u00f3i, l\u00f2): 304H ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c m\u00e1c chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t; tham kh\u1ea3o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"toc-10-faq-ngan-cac-cau-hoi-ky-thuat-thuong-gap\">FAQ ng\u1eafn: c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; V\u00ec sao 304 c\u00f3 khi h\u00fat nam ch\u00e2m? V\u00ec h\u00f3a b\u1ec1n bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng t\u1ea1o mactenxit; \u1ee7 dung d\u1ecbch s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb t\u00ednh.<br \/>\n&#8211; 304 c\u00f3 Mo kh\u00f4ng? Kh\u00f4ng theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n; n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n Mo \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1ng r\u1ed7 th\u00ec d\u00f9ng 316\/316L.<br \/>\n&#8211; 304 b\u1ecb g\u1ec9 n\u00e2u l\u00e0 do \u0111\u00e2u? Th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 r\u1ed7\/\u1ed1 tr\u00e0 do Cl-, ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eaft b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t sau gia c\u00f4ng; x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng t\u1ea9y g\u1ec9\u2013th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u1ec7 sinh.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ch\u1ecdn 304 hay 304L? N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 h\u00e0n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c chi ti\u1ebft d\u00e0y, 304L an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n v\u1edbi \u0103n m\u00f2n k\u1ebd h\u1ea1t; chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng 304.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-11-ket-luan\">K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n<p>Crom (18\u201320%) v\u00e0 Niken (8\u201310.5%) l\u00e0 hai \u201c\u0111\u00f2n b\u1ea9y\u201d quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Inox 304: Cr t\u1ea1o m\u00e0ng th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng Cr2O3 cho ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, c\u00f2n Ni \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh austenit, \u0111em l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo, \u0111\u1ed9 dai v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gia c\u00f4ng \u2013 h\u00e0n v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 Ni\/Cr ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p gi\u00fap 304 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed1t gi\u1eefa hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed, nh\u01b0ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng clorua kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t, 304 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ed7 ho\u1eb7c \u1ed1 tr\u00e0 \u2013 khi \u0111\u00f3 316\/316L l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang. \u0110\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c t\u1ed1i \u0111a \u01b0u th\u1ebf Ni\u2013Cr, h\u00e3y ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 (304\/304L\/304H), d\u00f9ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t sau gia c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng PMI\/MTC. V\u1edbi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, 304 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady cao trong \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n inox 304 v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Niken, Crom v\u1edbi ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n, h\u00e0n. So s\u00e1nh 304\/304L\/304H, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 l\u01b0u \u00fd ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":1031,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1124","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tin-tuc"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1124","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1124"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1124\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/media\/1031"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1124"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1124"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1124"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}