{"id":1128,"date":"2025-10-01T12:34:07","date_gmt":"2025-10-01T05:34:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inox-chiu-nhiet-so-sanh-310s-309s-va-304h-cho-600-1150c\/"},"modified":"2025-10-01T12:34:07","modified_gmt":"2025-10-01T05:34:07","slug":"inox-chiu-nhiet-so-sanh-310s-309s-va-304h-cho-600-1150c","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inox-chiu-nhiet-so-sanh-310s-309s-va-304h-cho-600-1150c\/","title":{"rendered":"Inox ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t: So s\u00e1nh 310S, 309S v\u00e0 304H cho 600\u20131150\u00b0C"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"custom-toc\">\n<h3>N\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-0-tom-tat-nhanh-khi-nao-chon-310s-309s-304h\">T\u00f3m t\u1eaft nhanh: Khi n\u00e0o ch\u1ecdn 310S, 309S, 304H?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-1-thanh-phan-hoa-hoc-va-y-nghia-ky-thuat\">Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-2-kha-nang-chiu-nhiet-va-khang-oxy-hoaan-mon-o-nhiet\">Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ng oxy h\u00f3a\/\u0103n m\u00f2n \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t cao<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-3-do-ben-o-nhiet-cao-creep-va-ung-suat-thiet-ke\">\u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t cao: creep v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-4-tinh-chat-vat-ly-quan-trong-cho-thiet-ke-nhiet\">T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng cho thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7t<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-5-kha-nang-gia-cong-han-xu-ly-be-mat\">Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gia c\u00f4ng \u2013 h\u00e0n \u2013 x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-6-ung-dung-tieu-bieu-theo-mac\">\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u theo m\u00e1c<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-7-so-sanh-chi-phi-va-san-co\">So s\u00e1nh chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-8-lua-chon-theo-tinh-huong-khuyen-nghi-nhanh\">L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn theo t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng: khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb nhanh<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-9-meo-ky-thuat-va-sai-lam-thuong-gap\">M\u1eb9o k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-10-khi-nao-nen-can-nhac-vat-lieu-thay-the\">Khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u thay th\u1ebf?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-11-vi-du-ung-dung-thuc-te-ngan\">V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ng\u1eafn<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-12-checklist-dat-hang-va-kiem-soat-chat-luong\">Checklist \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-13-ket-luan\">K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Trong nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c m\u00e1c inox ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, 310S, 309S v\u00e0 304H l\u00e0 ba l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7t cao. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p so s\u00e1nh th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u: gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7t l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1ng oxy h\u00f3a\/carbur h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n creep, thi c\u00f4ng h\u00e0n \u2013 gia c\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 ti\u00eau ch\u00ed l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn theo t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00f2 nung, bu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed1t, \u1ed1ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t hay \u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp gi\u00fap ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-0-tom-tat-nhanh-khi-nao-chon-310s-309s-304h\">T\u00f3m t\u1eaft nhanh: Khi n\u00e0o ch\u1ecdn 310S, 309S, 304H?<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Inox 310S (UNS S31008): l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn s\u1ed1 1 cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng oxy h\u00f3a v\u00e0\/ho\u1eb7c carbur h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t cao.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c: t\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 1100\u20131150\u00b0C (oxy h\u00f3a kh\u00f4).<br \/>\n  &#8211; Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh: 24\u201326% Cr, 19\u201322% Ni, C \u2264 0,08%.<br \/>\n  &#8211; \u0110i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh: kh\u00e1ng oxy h\u00f3a v\u00e0 carbur h\u00f3a v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i, b\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t, \u00edt nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m h\u00f3a do C th\u1ea5p.<br \/>\n&#8211; Inox 309S (UNS S30908): t\u1ed1i \u01b0u cho nhi\u1ec7t cao trung \u2013 cao khi ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf h\u01a1n 310S.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c: t\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 1000\u20131050\u00b0C (oxy h\u00f3a kh\u00f4).<br \/>\n  &#8211; Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n: 22\u201324% Cr, 12\u201315% Ni, C \u2264 0,08%.<br \/>\n  &#8211; \u0110i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh: c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa kh\u00e1ng oxy h\u00f3a, chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00e0n.<br \/>\n&#8211; Inox 304H (UNS S30409): chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng cho \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i\/\u00e1p l\u1ef1c \u1edf 550\u2013800\u00b0C, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n creep.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn: ~550\u2013800\u00b0C (theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASME cho thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u00e1p l\u1ef1c).<br \/>\n  &#8211; Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n: 18\u201320% Cr, 8\u201311% Ni, C = 0,04\u20130,10% (H = high carbon).<br \/>\n  &#8211; \u0110i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh: \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n creep c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 so v\u1edbi 304\/304L; kinh t\u1ebf h\u01a1n 309S\/310S.<\/p>\n<p>L\u01b0u \u00fd: Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00eau l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tham chi\u1ebfu trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng oxy h\u00f3a kh\u00f4. Chu k\u1ef3 nhi\u1ec7t g\u1eaft, kh\u00ed l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh\/chloride, ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebfu oxy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-1-thanh-phan-hoa-hoc-va-y-nghia-ky-thuat\">Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Vai tr\u00f2 Cr v\u00e0 Ni:<br \/>\n  &#8211; Crom (Cr) t\u0103ng kh\u00e1ng oxy h\u00f3a \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t cao nh\u1edd l\u1edbp Cr2O3 b\u1ec1n.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Niken (Ni) \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh austenit, t\u0103ng kh\u00e1ng carbur h\u00f3a\/nitrid h\u00f3a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t cao.<br \/>\n&#8211; H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng C:<br \/>\n  &#8211; 310S\/309S: carbon th\u1ea5p (\u22640,08%) gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m h\u00f3a \u1edf v\u00f9ng 450\u2013850\u00b0C khi h\u00e0n.<br \/>\n  &#8211; 304H: carbon cao (0,04\u20130,10%) t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n creep\/rupture \u1edf 550\u2013800\u00b0C, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASME cho n\u1ed3i h\u01a1i\/thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ch\u1ecbu \u00e1p.<br \/>\n&#8211; Nguy c\u01a1 pha sigma:<br \/>\n  &#8211; 309S\/310S c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a pha sigma sau ph\u01a1i l\u00e2u \u1edf 600\u2013900\u00b0C; thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea7n t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00f2n t\u0103ng theo th\u1eddi gian.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u0110\u1ecbnh danh v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n:<br \/>\n  &#8211; T\u1ea5m\/cu\u1ed9n: ASTM A240 \/ ASME SA-240.<br \/>\n  &#8211; \u1ed0ng h\u00e0n\/\u0111\u00fac: ASTM A312; \u1ed0ng n\u1ed3i h\u01a1i: ASTM A213.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Thanh: ASTM A479.<br \/>\n  &#8211; UNS: 310S (S31008), 309S (S30908), 304H (S30409).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-2-kha-nang-chiu-nhiet-va-khang-oxy-hoaan-mon-o-nhiet\">Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ng oxy h\u00f3a\/\u0103n m\u00f2n \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t cao<\/h2>\n<h3>Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; 310S:<br \/>\n  &#8211; Oxy h\u00f3a kh\u00f4, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c: ~1100\u20131150\u00b0C; gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n: ~1050\u20131100\u00b0C.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Carbur h\u00f3a: t\u1ed1t; th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng cho radiant tube, gi\u1ecf t\u00f4i, chi ti\u1ebft l\u00f2 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac kh\u00ed gi\u00e0u carbon.<br \/>\n&#8211; 309S:<br \/>\n  &#8211; Oxy h\u00f3a kh\u00f4, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c: ~1000\u20131050\u00b0C; gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n: ~980\u20131000\u00b0C.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Carbur h\u00f3a: kh\u00e1; ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p bu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed1t, \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, t\u1ea5m ch\u1eafn nhi\u1ec7t.<br \/>\n&#8211; 304H:<br \/>\n  &#8211; Oxy h\u00f3a kh\u00f4: kho\u1ea3ng ~870\u00b0C; d\u00f9ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u1edf 550\u2013800\u00b0C khi c\u00f3 t\u1ea3i\/\u00e1p.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Carbur h\u00f3a: trung b\u00ecnh; kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng carbur h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh k\u00e9o d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n<h3>\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Oxy h\u00f3a chu k\u1ef3: lu\u00e2n phi\u00ean n\u00f3ng\u2013ngu\u1ed9i g\u00e2y bong tr\u00f3c l\u1edbp \u00f4xit. 310S ch\u1ecbu t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t; ch\u1ecdn b\u1ec1 d\u00e0y \u0111\u1ee7, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ed1c nhi\u1ec7t.<br \/>\n&#8211; Kh\u00ed l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh (SO2, H2S): austenitic ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n k\u00e9m h\u01a1n h\u1ee3p kim Ni cao ho\u1eb7c ferritic gi\u00e0u Cr (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 446). 309S\/310S t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n 304H nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u00ed l\u00f2.<br \/>\n&#8211; Carbur h\u00f3a\/nitrid h\u00f3a: 310S v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i cho carbur h\u00f3a; nitrid h\u00f3a kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t c\u1ea7n h\u1ee3p kim Ni n\u1ec1n (Inconel 600\/601).<br \/>\n&#8211; Thi\u1ebfu oxy\/kh\u00ed kh\u1eed: l\u1edbp Cr2O3 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1i sinh t\u1ed1t; c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00f4ng gi\u00f3\/kh\u00ed b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-3-do-ben-o-nhiet-cao-creep-va-ung-suat-thiet-ke\">\u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t cao: creep v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; 304H: l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u01b0u ti\u00ean cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu \u00e1p\/t\u1ea3i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u1edf 550\u2013800\u00b0C. Carbon cao gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n creep\/rupture t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n 304\/304L.<br \/>\n&#8211; 309S v\u00e0 310S: v\u1eabn c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu creep, nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng cho chi ti\u1ebft l\u00f2 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u00e1p l\u1edbn (k\u1ec7 l\u00f2, m\u00e1ng, t\u1ea5m che, b\u00edch \u1ed1ng l\u00f2).<br \/>\n&#8211; Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf:<br \/>\n  &#8211; \u1ede >600\u00b0C, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o\/yield gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh (ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m so v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f2ng). Lu\u00f4n tra allowable stress theo ASME Section II-D khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u00e1p l\u1ef1c.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Tr\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9; d\u00f9ng g\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ee1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf v\u00e0 khe b\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-4-tinh-chat-vat-ly-quan-trong-cho-thiet-ke-nhiet\">T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng cho thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7t<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang (20\u00b0C): ~7,9 g\/cm3 cho c\u1ea3 ba m\u00e1c.<br \/>\n&#8211; H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh (x10^-6\/K, 20\u2013100\u00b0C tham chi\u1ebfu):<br \/>\n  &#8211; 304H: ~17,3 (cao h\u01a1n) \u2192 d\u1ec5 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng do gi\u00e3n n\u1edf.<br \/>\n  &#8211; 309S: ~16,0.<br \/>\n  &#8211; 310S: ~15,9 (th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n) \u2192 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho chu k\u1ef3 nhi\u1ec7t.<br \/>\n  &#8211; L\u01b0u \u00fd: \u1edf 800\u20131000\u00b0C, h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y t\u0103ng th\u00eam \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3; b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed khe gi\u00e3n n\u1edf, g\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u0110\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t: 310S\/309S th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 304H \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat \u2192 gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng t\u0103ng gradient nhi\u1ec7t; c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed l\u00e0m m\u00e1t.<br \/>\n&#8211; M\u00f4 \u0111un \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i: t\u1eeb ~193 GPa (20\u00b0C) gi\u1ea3m c\u00f2n x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda \u1edf 600\u2013700\u00b0C \u2192 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u00f5ng\/\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea7n h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3m theo nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-5-kha-nang-gia-cong-han-xu-ly-be-mat\">Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gia c\u00f4ng \u2013 h\u00e0n \u2013 x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Gia c\u00f4ng ngu\u1ed9i\/n\u00f3ng:<br \/>\n  &#8211; 310S\/309S c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n n\u00f3ng t\u1ed1t; c\u00e1n\/\u00e9p \u1edf 1150\u20131200\u00b0C, k\u1ebft th\u00fac >980\u00b0C; c\u1ea7n t\u00f4i dung d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t.<br \/>\n  &#8211; 304H t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh ngu\u1ed9i d\u1ec5; \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n cao h\u01a1n 304\/304L ch\u00fat do C t\u0103ng.<br \/>\n&#8211; H\u00e0n:<br \/>\n  &#8211; Quy tr\u00ecnh: GTAW\/GMAW\/SMAW \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p; kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n preheat. Gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbp h\u00e0n th\u1ea5p, interpass th\u01b0\u1eddng <150\u2013200\u00b0C \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n.\n  - V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u00e0n khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb:\n    - 310S: ER310\/ENiCrFe-3 t\u00f9y m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng; d\u00f9ng 309 khi h\u00e0n v\u1edbi th\u00e9p cacbon\/kh\u00e1c m\u00e1c.\n    - 309S: ER309L\/ER309Mo (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 Mo).\n    - 304H: ER308H\/ER308L (\u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec7t cao ch\u1ecdn H \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch creep).\n  - Sau h\u00e0n: th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t; n\u1ebfu y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc t\u1ea9y g\u1ec9 \u2013 th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t.\n- Gia c\u00f4ng c\u01a1: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 austenitic, kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb t\u00ednh sau \u1ee7; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec5m t\u1eeb nh\u1eb9 sau bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee9ng ngu\u1ed9i.\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"toc-6-ung-dung-tieu-bieu-theo-mac\">\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u theo m\u00e1c<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; 310S:<br \/>\n  &#8211; \u1ed0ng radiant, ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n l\u00f2 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, bu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed1t, gi\u1ecf\/t\u1ea5m gi\u00e1 t\u00f4i, t\u1ea5m ch\u1eafn nhi\u1ec7t s\u00e1t ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda, \u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i v\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t cao.<br \/>\n&#8211; 309S:<br \/>\n  &#8211; V\u00e1ch\/\u1ed1ng bu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed1t, t\u1ea5m l\u00f3t l\u00f2, c\u1ed5 x\u1ea3 l\u00f2 s\u1ea5y, v\u1ecf che b\u1ed9 trao \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t kh\u00ed n\u00f3ng, b\u00edch v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 l\u00f2 h\u01a1i \u2013 l\u00f2 d\u1ea7u truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t.<br \/>\n&#8211; 304H:<br \/>\n  &#8211; \u1ed0ng qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec7t, \u1ed1ng g\u00f3p n\u1ed3i h\u01a1i, header, \u1ed1ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t kh\u00ed\u2013kh\u00ed, \u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t \u1edf 550\u2013800\u00b0C c\u00f3 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-7-so-sanh-chi-phi-va-san-co\">So s\u00e1nh chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Chi ph\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i (th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng theo gi\u00e1 Ni\/Cr):<br \/>\n  &#8211; 310S cao nh\u1ea5t > 309S > 304H.<br \/>\n&#8211; S\u1eb5n c\u00f3 t\u1ea1i th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i:<br \/>\n  &#8211; D\u1ea1ng t\u1ea5m\/\u1ed1ng\/thanh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn; 310S\/309S th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y m\u1ecfng\u2013trung b\u00ecnh, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc theo ASTM.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 MTC (EN 10204 3.1), PMI x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn m\u00e1c, v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n (solution annealed).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-8-lua-chon-theo-tinh-huong-khuyen-nghi-nhanh\">L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn theo t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng: khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb nhanh<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c:<br \/>\n  &#8211; >1050\u20131150\u00b0C, oxy h\u00f3a kh\u00f4 \u2192 310S.<br \/>\n  &#8211; 950\u20131050\u00b0C \u2192 309S (310S n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 carbur h\u00f3a\/m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t).<br \/>\n  &#8211; 550\u2013800\u00b0C, c\u00f3 t\u1ea3i\/\u00e1p \u2192 304H (tu\u00e2n theo allowable stress ASME).<br \/>\n&#8211; M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng:<br \/>\n  &#8211; Carbur h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh \u2192 310S; n\u1ebfu c\u1ef1c n\u1eb7ng, c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc h\u1ee3p kim Ni cao.<br \/>\n  &#8211; L\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 \u2192 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1i; 309S\/310S t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n 304H nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng.<br \/>\n&#8211; V\u1eadn h\u00e0nh chu k\u1ef3 nhi\u1ec7t nhanh:<br \/>\n  &#8211; \u01afu ti\u00ean 310S\/309S (h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 304H), \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ed1i \u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y v\u00e0 g\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ee1.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf:<br \/>\n  &#8211; C\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ~1000\u00b0C \u2192 309S l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed1t.<br \/>\n  &#8211; D\u01b0\u1edbi 800\u00b0C c\u00f3 t\u1ea3i \u2192 304H cho hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 chi ph\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-9-meo-ky-thuat-va-sai-lam-thuong-gap\">M\u1eb9o k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; \u0110\u1eebng d\u00f9ng 304\/304L th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng cho >600\u2013700\u00b0C, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 t\u1ea3i: d\u1ec5 m\u1ea5t b\u1ec1n, nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m h\u00f3a, bong \u00f4xit.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang que\/kim h\u00e0n; h\u00e0n 304H b\u1eb1ng ER308L c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n creep m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t cao.<br \/>\n&#8211; Tr\u00e1nh ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u1edbi mu\u1ed1i chloride khi ngu\u1ed9i ho\u1eb7c trong shutdown \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt, v\u00ec austenitic d\u1ec5 n\u1ee9t SCC \u1edf 60\u2013200\u00b0C.<br \/>\n&#8211; L\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch gi\u00e3n n\u1edf: th\u00eam kh\u1edbp gi\u00e3n n\u1edf\/\u1ed1ng m\u1ec1m, g\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n v\u00e0 g\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ee1.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ti\u1ec1n oxy h\u00f3a c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t (pre-oxidation) tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh gi\u00fap \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1edbp \u00f4xit, gi\u1ea3m bong tr\u00f3c ban \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-10-khi-nao-nen-can-nhac-vat-lieu-thay-the\">Khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u thay th\u1ebf?<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; 253MA (UNS S30815): kh\u00e1ng oxy h\u00f3a r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t t\u1edbi ~1100\u00b0C, b\u1ec1n chu k\u1ef3 nhi\u1ec7t; ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p khi c\u1ea7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng mang t\u1ea3i t\u1ed1t \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t cao v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 310S.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ferritic 446: kh\u00e1ng oxy h\u00f3a cao nh\u01b0ng gi\u00f2n, kh\u00f3 h\u00e0n; ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p t\u1ea5m l\u00f3t l\u00f2 t\u0129nh.<br \/>\n&#8211; H\u1ee3p kim n\u1ec1n Ni (Inconel 600\/601): carbur h\u00f3a\/nitrid h\u00f3a n\u1eb7ng, s\u1ed1c nhi\u1ec7t kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t; chi ph\u00ed cao.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-11-vi-du-ung-dung-thuc-te-ngan\">V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ng\u1eafn<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; L\u00f2 nung g\u1ed1m 1000\u20131050\u00b0C, v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n: chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb 304H sang 309S cho t\u1ea5m l\u00f3t v\u00e0 c\u1ed5 x\u1ea3 gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m bong \u00f4xit v\u00e0 cong v\u00eanh sau 3\u20136 th\u00e1ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng kh\u00ed n\u00f3ng 700\u00b0C c\u00f3 \u00e1p 8 bar: d\u00f9ng 304H theo allowable ASME, m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng ER308H, b\u1ed5 sung kh\u1edbp gi\u00e3n n\u1edf \u2192 t\u0103ng tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i so v\u1edbi 304L.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-12-checklist-dat-hang-va-kiem-soat-chat-luong\">Checklist \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; X\u00e1c nh\u1eadn m\u00e1c\/UNS v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n (ASTM A240\/A312\/A213).<br \/>\n&#8211; T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n: solution annealed, pickled &#038; passivated.<br \/>\n&#8211; K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1ec1 d\u00e0y, dung sai v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1eb3ng\/ovality theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 MTC 3.1, ki\u1ec3m tra PMI, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch C cho 304H (\u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o C \u2265 0,04%).<br \/>\n&#8211; N\u1ebfu \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec7t cao: y\u00eau c\u1ea7u test\/khai b\u00e1o gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7t khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-13-ket-luan\">K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; 310S l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u cho oxy h\u00f3a\/carbur h\u00f3a r\u1ea5t cao t\u1edbi ~1100\u20131150\u00b0C, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p chi ti\u1ebft l\u00f2, radiant tube v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng s\u00e1t ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda.<br \/>\n&#8211; 309S c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t cao (~1000\u20131050\u00b0C) v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p bu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed1t, \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3, t\u1ea5m l\u00f3t l\u00f2.<br \/>\n&#8211; 304H t\u1ed1i \u01b0u cho 550\u2013800\u00b0C khi c\u00f3 t\u1ea3i\/\u00e1p, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u creep c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u00e1p l\u1ef1c v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed h\u1ee3p l\u00fd.<br \/>\nQuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00ean d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00ed, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh (li\u00ean t\u1ee5c\/chu k\u1ef3), y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch. Ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang m\u00e1c ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi, t\u0103ng an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec7t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>So s\u00e1nh d\u1ee9t \u0111i\u1ec3m 310S, 309S, 304H: gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7t, kh\u00e1ng oxy h\u00f3a, ch\u1ecbu creep, h\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. Ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang m\u00e1c cho l\u00f2, \u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec7t, bu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":1021,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1128","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tin-tuc"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1128","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1128"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1128\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/media\/1021"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1128"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1128"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1128"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}