{"id":1399,"date":"2025-12-07T00:34:48","date_gmt":"2025-12-06T17:34:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/huong-dan-chon-que-day-han-inox-dung-mac-308l-316l-309-2209\/"},"modified":"2025-12-07T00:34:48","modified_gmt":"2025-12-06T17:34:48","slug":"huong-dan-chon-que-day-han-inox-dung-mac-308l-316l-309-2209","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/huong-dan-chon-que-day-han-inox-dung-mac-308l-316l-309-2209\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u1ecdn que, d\u00e2y h\u00e0n Inox \u0111\u00fang m\u00e1c 308L, 316L, 309, 2209"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"custom-toc\">\n<h3>N\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-0-nguyen-tac-cot-loi-khi-chon-vat-lieu-han-inox\">Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i khi ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u00e0n Inox<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-1-giai-ma-ky-hieu-awsiso-cua-queday-han-inox\">Gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u AWS\/ISO c\u1ee7a que\/d\u00e2y h\u00e0n Inox<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-2-bang-chon-nhanh-queday-han-theo-mac-inox-va-ung-du\">B\u1ea3ng ch\u1ecdn nhanh que\/d\u00e2y h\u00e0n theo m\u00e1c Inox v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-3-chon-vat-lieu-han-theo-6-buoc-thuc-dung\">Ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u00e0n theo 6 b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-4-khi-bao-ve-back-purge-va-cuc-tinh\">Kh\u00ed b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, back purge v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c t\u00ednh<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-5-duong-kinh-thong-so-va-kiem-soat-nhiet\">\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh, th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-6-ky-thuat-thi-cong-then-chot\">K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt thi c\u00f4ng then ch\u1ed1t<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-7-tinh-huong-dien-hinh-va-goi-y-lua-chon\">T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 g\u1ee3i \u00fd l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-8-loi-thuong-gap-va-cach-tranh\">L\u1ed7i th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1nh<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-9-nguon-tham-khao-chinh\">Ngu\u1ed3n tham kh\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-10-ket-luan\">K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Trong l\u1eafp d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0n Inox, ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang que h\u00e0n\/d\u00e2y h\u00e0n theo m\u00e1c th\u00e9p (308L, 316L, 309, 2209\u2026) quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n, n\u1ee9t n\u00f3ng, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u00e0n Inox, gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u AWS\/ISO, li\u1ec7t k\u00ea khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m m\u00e1c th\u00e9p, k\u00e8m kh\u00ed b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 l\u01b0u \u00fd v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m trong b\u1ee9c tranh l\u1edbn \u201cC\u1ea9m nang K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Li\u00ean k\u1ebft Inox\u201d, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ngay t\u1ea1i x\u01b0\u1edfng\/hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-0-nguyen-tac-cot-loi-khi-chon-vat-lieu-han-inox\">Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i khi ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u00e0n Inox<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng: \u01b0u ti\u00ean kim lo\u1ea1i b\u1ed5 sung \u201cmatch\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201covermatch\u201d th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n Cr, Ni, Mo so v\u1edbi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c (chloride, nhi\u1ec7t cao, axit).<br \/>\n&#8211; Ch\u1ecdn lo\u1ea1i \u201cL\u201d khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3: h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng C \u2264 0,03% (308L, 316L\u2026) gi\u1ea3m nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m k\u1ebft tinh bi\u00ean h\u1ea1t (sensitization) v\u00e0 \u0103n m\u00f2n k\u1ebd h\u1ea1t v\u00f9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec7t (HAZ).<br \/>\n&#8211; Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ferrite trong m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n austenit: m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau FN \u2248 3\u201310 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m n\u1ee9t n\u00f3ng nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo; d\u00f9ng d\u00e2y\/que c\u00f3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ferrite ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<br \/>\n&#8211; Li\u00ean k\u1ebft kh\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i: d\u00f9ng 309L ho\u1eb7c 312 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f9 pha v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m n\u1ee9t do gi\u00e3n n\u1edf kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t; v\u1edbi duplex d\u00f9ng filler chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng (2209\/2594).<br \/>\n&#8211; V\u1edbi m\u00e1c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a: 321\/347 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng filler 347 (Nb) thay v\u00ec 321 (Ti) \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh n\u1ee9t do Ti b\u1ecb ch\u00e1y m\u1ea5t trong v\u0169ng h\u00e0n.<br \/>\n&#8211; Martensitic\/ferritic: y\u00eau c\u1ea7u quy tr\u00ecnh ri\u00eang (gia nhi\u1ec7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t interpass, PWHT) v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn filler ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p (410NiMo\u2026).<br \/>\n&#8211; Quy t\u1eafc th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf: n\u1ebfu ph\u00e2n v\u00e2n gi\u1eefa 308 v\u00e0 308L, \u01b0u ti\u00ean 308L; gi\u1eefa 316 v\u00e0 316L, \u01b0u ti\u00ean 316L.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-1-giai-ma-ky-hieu-awsiso-cua-queday-han-inox\">Gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u AWS\/ISO c\u1ee7a que\/d\u00e2y h\u00e0n Inox<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; SMAW (que h\u00e0n ph\u1ee7, AWS A5.4 \/ ISO 3581): v\u00ed d\u1ee5 E308L-16<br \/>\n  &#8211; \u201cE\u201d = que h\u00e0n; 308\/316\/309 = nh\u00f3m h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc; \u201cL\u201d = low carbon.<br \/>\n  &#8211; H\u1eadu t\u1ed1 -15\/-16\/-17: lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c b\u1ecdc &#038; d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n<br \/>\n    &#8211; -15: v\u00f4i (basic), DC+, \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u1ea5u cao, kh\u00e1ng n\u1ee9t t\u1ed1t.<br \/>\n    &#8211; -16: rutile (titania), AC\/DC+, h\u1ed3 quang \u00eam, d\u1ec5 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh, \u0111a v\u1ecb tr\u00ed.<br \/>\n    &#8211; -17: rutile c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1eb9p, AC\/DC+.<br \/>\n&#8211; GTAW\/GMAW (TIG\/MIG, d\u00e2y \u0111\u1eb7c AWS A5.9 \/ ISO 14343): v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ER316LSi<br \/>\n  &#8211; \u201cER\u201d = rod\/wire; \u201cSi\u201d = th\u00eam Si c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u01b0\u1edbt v\u00e0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t (ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n trang tr\u00ed, t\u00f4n m\u1ecfng).<br \/>\n&#8211; FCAW (d\u00e2y l\u00f5i thu\u1ed1c, AWS A5.22 \/ ISO 17633): v\u00ed d\u1ee5 E308LT1-1\/-4<br \/>\n  &#8211; \u201cT1-1\u201d d\u00f9ng 100% CO2; \u201cT1-4\u201d d\u00f9ng kh\u00ed tr\u1ed9n Ar\/CO2. Lu\u00f4n ki\u1ec3m tra datasheet c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-2-bang-chon-nhanh-queday-han-theo-mac-inox-va-ung-du\">B\u1ea3ng ch\u1ecdn nhanh que\/d\u00e2y h\u00e0n theo m\u00e1c Inox v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/h2>\n<h3>A. Austenit Cr-Ni th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng (201\/202, 301, 304\/304L, 316\/316L, 310, 321\/347, 904L)<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; 201\/202 (Cr-Mn-Ni):<br \/>\n  &#8211; \u01afu ti\u00ean ER308L (GTAW\/GMAW), E308L-16 (SMAW). 308L c\u00f3 Ni cao h\u01a1n, ch\u1ed1ng n\u1ee9t n\u00f3ng t\u1ed1t.<br \/>\n&#8211; 301\/304\/304L:<br \/>\n  &#8211; TIG\/MIG: ER308L ho\u1eb7c ER308LSi (\u0111\u1eb9p b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t).<br \/>\n  &#8211; Que: E308L-16 ho\u1eb7c E308L-15 (khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u01a1 t\u00ednh cao, \u00edt b\u1eafn t\u00f3e).<br \/>\n  &#8211; FCAW: E308LT1-1 (CO2) ho\u1eb7c E308LT1-4 (Ar\/CO2).<br \/>\n&#8211; 316\/316L (m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng chloride, pitting\/crevice):<br \/>\n  &#8211; TIG\/MIG: ER316L\/ER316LSi.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Que: E316L-16 \/ E316L-15.<br \/>\n  &#8211; FCAW: E316LT1-1\/-4.<br \/>\n&#8211; 310\/310S (nhi\u1ec7t cao):<br \/>\n  &#8211; ER310, E310-16. L\u01b0u \u00fd m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n gi\u00f2n n\u00f3ng n\u1ebfu pha delta ferrite qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p; theo d\u00f5i quy tr\u00ecnh.<br \/>\n&#8211; 321\/347 (\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a):<br \/>\n  &#8211; \u01afu ti\u00ean filler 347: ER347, E347-16 cho c\u1ea3 321 v\u00e0 347; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng ER321 cho \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng TIG m\u1ecfng, nh\u01b0ng 347 an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n ch\u1ed1ng n\u1ee9t.<br \/>\n&#8211; 904L (si\u00eau ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n):<br \/>\n  &#8211; ER385 (904L), E385-16. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecdc overlay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc Ni-base 625.<br \/>\n&#8211; 317L:<br \/>\n  &#8211; ER317L\/E317L-16 n\u1ebfu y\u00eau c\u1ea7u pitting resistance cao h\u01a1n 316L.<\/p>\n<h3>B. Li\u00ean k\u1ebft kh\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u00e9p carbon<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Th\u00e9p carbon\/th\u1ea5p h\u1ee3p (Q235\/Q345\/SS400\u2026) \u2194 304\/316:<br \/>\n  &#8211; \u01afu ti\u00ean 309L: ER309L (TIG\/MIG), E309L-16 (SMAW), E309LT1-1\/-4 (FCAW).<br \/>\n  &#8211; V\u1edbi 316 trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng chloride n\u1eb7ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn 309LMo.<br \/>\n  &#8211; K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt: h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf pha lo\u00e3ng ph\u00eda th\u00e9p \u0111en, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201cbutter\u201d l\u1edbp 309L tr\u00ean th\u00e9p carbon r\u1ed3i h\u00e0n ti\u1ebfp.<br \/>\n&#8211; Austenit \u2194 Austenit kh\u00e1c m\u00e1c (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 304 \u2194 316):<br \/>\n  &#8211; D\u00f9ng 309L ho\u1eb7c \u201cmatch\u201d theo m\u00e1c ch\u1ecbu m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n (316L).<br \/>\n&#8211; Chong n\u1ee9t cao, s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee9ng:<br \/>\n  &#8211; D\u00f9ng 312: ER\/E312 (Mn, Cr, Ni cao), kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng n\u1ee9t xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc khi n\u1ec1n kh\u00f3 \u0111o\u00e1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n<h3>C. Duplex\/Super Duplex<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; 2205 (UNS S32205\/S31803):<br \/>\n  &#8211; ER2209 (GTAW\/GMAW), E2209-XX (SMAW), E2209T1-\u2026 (FCAW).<br \/>\n  &#8211; Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb kh\u00ed back purge c\u00f3 b\u1ed5 sung 1\u20132% N2 \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec austenit.<br \/>\n&#8211; 2304 (lean duplex):<br \/>\n  &#8211; ER2209 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u201covermatch\u201d Ni\/N, gi\u00fap t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o austenit.<br \/>\n&#8211; 2507 (super duplex):<br \/>\n  &#8211; ER2594, E2594-XX; ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh sigma.<\/p>\n<h3>D. Ferritic\/Martensitic<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; 409\/430 (ferritic):<br \/>\n  &#8211; Khi h\u00e0n v\u1edbi austenit: 308L \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng d\u1ebbo dai m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n.<br \/>\n  &#8211; H\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i 409\/409Ti: c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc ER409Nb\/ER430 theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u OEM; c\u1ea7n ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t nh\u1eb9 v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i.<br \/>\n&#8211; 410\/420 (martensitic):<br \/>\n  &#8211; \u01afu ti\u00ean ER410NiMo\/E410NiMo; ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t 150\u2013300\u00b0C, interpass 200\u2013250\u00b0C, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ram (PWHT) 650\u00b115\u00b0C \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m gi\u00f2n.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-3-chon-vat-lieu-han-theo-6-buoc-thuc-dung\">Ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u00e0n theo 6 b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng<\/h2>\n<p>1) X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c (chloride\/nhi\u1ec7t\/axit).<br \/>\n2) Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u201cmatch\u201d\/\u201covermatch\u201d v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u201cL\u201d hay \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a (347) kh\u00f4ng.<br \/>\n3) Ch\u1ecdn quy tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0n (GTAW cho pass g\u1ed1c\/\u1ed1ng m\u1ecfng, GMAW xung cho n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t, SMAW cho hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng, FCAW cho ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi).<br \/>\n4) Ch\u1ecdn l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7\/kh\u00ed ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u00e0n v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u1eb5n c\u00f3.<br \/>\n5) Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t: austenit &#038; duplex tr\u00e1nh nhi\u1ec7t cao v\u00e0 interpass l\u1edbn; martensit c\u1ea7n ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 PWHT.<br \/>\n6) Xem x\u00e9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u (MTC), kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cung \u1ee9ng t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-4-khi-bao-ve-back-purge-va-cuc-tinh\">Kh\u00ed b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, back purge v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c t\u00ednh<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; GTAW (TIG): Ar 99,99% cho m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n s\u1ea1ch; duplex: Ar + 1\u20132% N2 cho m\u1eb7t sau v\u00e0 purge \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng pha.<br \/>\n&#8211; GMAW (MIG\/MAG inox):<br \/>\n  &#8211; T\u1ea5m m\u1ecfng\/trang tr\u00ed: Ar + 1\u20132% O2 cho \u01b0\u1edbt t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 bead b\u00f3ng.<br \/>\n  &#8211; K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u\/\u1ed1ng: Ar + 1\u20132% CO2 ho\u1eb7c 98Ar\/2CO2; tr\u00e1nh CO2 > 3% \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3m Cr hi\u1ec7u d\u1ee5ng.<br \/>\n&#8211; FCAW inox: theo ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i d\u00e2y T1-1 (CO2) ho\u1eb7c T1-4 (Ar\/CO2); tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 datasheet.<br \/>\n&#8211; Back purge \u1ed1ng\/thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb: duy tr\u00ec O2 < 50\u2013100 ppm cho m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n g\u1ed1c ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0u v\u00e0 \u0103n m\u00f2n khe.  \n- C\u1ef1c t\u00ednh: TIG DCEN; MIG\/MAG DCEP; SMAW inox \u0111a s\u1ed1 DCEP (AC kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi -16\/-17).\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"toc-5-duong-kinh-thong-so-va-kiem-soat-nhiet\">\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh, th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh theo chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0y:<br \/>\n  &#8211; SMAW: 2.5 mm (t\u1edbi ~3 mm), 3.2 mm (3\u20136 mm), 4.0 mm (>6 mm).<br \/>\n  &#8211; MIG\/TIG: 0.8\u20131.0 mm (t\u00f4n m\u1ecfng 0.8\u20133 mm), 1.2 mm (3\u201310 mm), 1.6 mm (d\u00e0y >10 mm, TIG rod).<br \/>\n&#8211; D\u00f2ng\/\u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p tham kh\u1ea3o (t\u00f9y h\u00e3ng):<br \/>\n  &#8211; E308L-16 \u00d83.2 mm: ~70\u2013110 A; \u00d84.0 mm: ~110\u2013160 A.<br \/>\n  &#8211; MIG ER316L \u00d81.0\u20131.2 mm: 120\u2013260 A (xung\/spray), 18\u201328 V.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o HI (kJ\/mm) = V\u00d7I\u00d760\u00d7k \/ (1000\u00d7t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9):<br \/>\n  &#8211; Austenit: 0.5\u20131.5 kJ\/mm, interpass \u2264 150\u00b0C.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Duplex: 0.5\u20131.5 kJ\/mm, interpass 100\u2013150\u00b0C, l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i gi\u1eefa l\u1edbp.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Martensit: ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t 150\u2013300\u00b0C, interpass 200\u2013250\u00b0C, PWHT khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-6-ky-thuat-thi-cong-then-chot\">K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt thi c\u00f4ng then ch\u1ed1t<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; L\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch: lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf d\u1ea7u, s\u01a1n, g\u1ec9, mu\u1ed1i chloride; m\u00e0i s\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ebfn kim lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eafng; d\u00f9ng b\u00e0n ch\u1ea3i Inox ri\u00eang.<br \/>\n&#8211; H\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed1i: \u01b0u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0n \u201cstringer\u201d, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf weave r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t.<br \/>\n&#8211; L\u1edbp l\u00f3t (root): TIG v\u1edbi backing\/purge cho \u1ed1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed3n \u00e1p l\u1ef1c; ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t khe h\u1edf v\u00e0 bi\u00ean v\u00e1t.<br \/>\n&#8211; L\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch gi\u1eefa l\u1edbp: lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf x\u1ec9 (SMAW\/FCAW), v\u1ea3y \u00f4x\u00edt; ch\u1ea3i s\u1ea1ch.<br \/>\n&#8211; X\u1eed l\u00fd sau h\u00e0n: t\u1ea9y g\u1ec9\/passivation (paste HNO3\/citric), r\u1eeda s\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1edbp th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng Cr2O3; ki\u1ec3m tra m\u00e0u nhi\u1ec7t (r\u01a1m\u2192xanh) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng n\u1ebfu y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng: g\u00e1 c\u1ee9ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng, m\u1ed1i ng\u1eafn, l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-7-tinh-huong-dien-hinh-va-goi-y-lua-chon\">T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 g\u1ee3i \u00fd l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; \u1ed0ng 316L d\u00e0y 2.0 mm d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n:<br \/>\n  &#8211; Filler: ER316L ho\u1eb7c ER316LSi (TIG\/MIG).<br \/>\n  &#8211; Kh\u00ed: TIG Ar v\u1edbi purge Ar + 1\u20132% N2; gi\u1eef O2 < 50\u2013100 ppm.\n  - Quy tr\u00ecnh: TIG root, MIG xung fill\/cap; interpass < 100\u2013120\u00b0C; pickling sau h\u00e0n.  \n- Th\u00e9p carbon Q345 h\u00e0n v\u1edbi d\u1ea7m 304:\n  - Filler: 309L (E309L-16 ho\u1eb7c ER309L). \n  - K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt: ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t nh\u1eb9 50\u2013100\u00b0C ph\u00eda th\u00e9p carbon, \u01b0u ti\u00ean l\u1edbp \u201cbutter\u201d 309L \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m pha lo\u00e3ng, chu tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t th\u1ea5p.  \n- Tr\u1ee5c b\u01a1m 410 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa m\u00f2n:\n  - Filler: E\/ER410NiMo. \n  - Quy tr\u00ecnh: ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t 200\u2013250\u00b0C, gi\u1eef interpass ~200\u2013250\u00b0C, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ram 650\u00b0C \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9 dai c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"toc-8-loi-thuong-gap-va-cach-tranh\">L\u1ed7i th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1nh<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; N\u1ee9t n\u00f3ng (austenit): d\u00f9ng filler c\u00f3 FN 3\u201310 (308L\/316L chu\u1ea9n), tr\u00e1nh nhi\u1ec7t cao\/\u0111\u1eafp r\u1ed9ng; gi\u1eef s\u1ea1ch S, P, Cl.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u0102n m\u00f2n k\u1ebd h\u1ea1t (HAZ): \u01b0u ti\u00ean \u201cL\u201d, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf interpass; v\u1edbi 321\/347 d\u00f9ng filler 347.<br \/>\n&#8211; M\u00e0u nhi\u1ec7t\/x\u1ec9 b\u00e1m g\u00e2y \u0103n m\u00f2n khe: \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o purge, che ch\u1eafn kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ee7; l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch, pickling-passivation sau h\u00e0n.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ferrite l\u1ec7ch trong duplex: ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang 2209\/2594, th\u00eam N2 trong purge, gi\u1eef HI + interpass theo khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb.<br \/>\n&#8211; Gi\u00f2n martensit: ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t + PWHT \u0111\u00fang quy tr\u00ecnh; ch\u1ecdn 410NiMo thay v\u00ec 410 th\u01b0\u1eddng khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u01a1 t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-9-nguon-tham-khao-chinh\">Ngu\u1ed3n tham kh\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; AWS A5.4 (Covered Stainless Steel Electrodes), AWS A5.9 (Bare Stainless Steel Welding Electrodes and Rods), AWS A5.22 (Stainless Steel Flux Cored Electrodes).<br \/>\n&#8211; ISO 3581, ISO 14343, ISO 17633 (v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u00e0n Inox).<br \/>\n&#8211; TWI \u2013 Stainless steel welding guidelines v\u00e0 back purging best practices.<br \/>\n&#8211; Outokumpu Welding Handbook; ESAB v\u00e0 Lincoln Electric \u2013 Stainless Filler Metal Selection Guides.<br \/>\n&#8211; WRC-1992 constitution diagram cho d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n Ferrite Number.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-10-ket-luan\">K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang que\/d\u00e2y h\u00e0n Inox l\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa \u201cmatch\u201d th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ferrite, quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kh\u00ed b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7.<br \/>\n&#8211; M\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh: 304\/201\/202 \u2192 308L; 316\/316L \u2192 316L; 321\/347 \u2192 347; 904L \u2192 385; kh\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c C-steel \u2194 Inox \u2192 309L\/312; duplex 2205 \u2192 2209; super duplex 2507 \u2192 2594; martensit 410 \u2192 410NiMo.<br \/>\n&#8211; Th\u1ef1c thi: l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch, purge t\u1ed1t, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i, x\u1eed l\u00fd sau h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng.<br \/>\n\u00c1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb tr\u00ean s\u1ebd gi\u00fap m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u01a1 t\u00ednh, ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd t\u1ed1i \u01b0u trong \u0111a d\u1ea1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n<p>C\u1ea7n t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n ch\u1ecdn m\u00e3 que\/d\u00e2y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3ng gi\u00e1 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n AWS\/ISO? Li\u00ean h\u1ec7 Inox C\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. Hotline: 0343.417.281. Email: inoxcongnghiep.cuongthinh@gmail.com<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>B\u1ea3ng ch\u1ecdn nhanh que\/d\u00e2y h\u00e0n Inox theo m\u00e1c 304\/304L, 316\/316L, 201\/202, 321\/347, duplex 2205, 2507\u2026 k\u00e8m khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb kh\u00ed, th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 l\u01b0u \u00fd k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":1050,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1399","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tin-tuc"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1399","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1399"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1399\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/media\/1050"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1399"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1399"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1399"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}