{"id":1546,"date":"2026-01-13T12:34:20","date_gmt":"2026-01-13T05:34:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/lich-su-ra-doi-thep-khong-gi-phat-minh-1913-thay-doi-the-gioi\/"},"modified":"2026-01-13T12:34:20","modified_gmt":"2026-01-13T05:34:20","slug":"lich-su-ra-doi-thep-khong-gi-phat-minh-1913-thay-doi-the-gioi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/lich-su-ra-doi-thep-khong-gi-phat-minh-1913-thay-doi-the-gioi\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ra \u0111\u1eddi th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9: ph\u00e1t minh 1913 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"custom-toc\">\n<h3>N\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-0-vi-sao-thep-khong-gi-la-phat-minh-doi-luat-choi\">V\u00ec sao th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh \u201c\u0111\u1ed5i lu\u1eadt ch\u01a1i\u201d?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-1-dong-thoi-gian-phat-minh-va-thuong-mai-hoa\">D\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00f3a<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-2-phan-loai-chinh-va-thanh-phan-tieu-bieu\">Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-3-co-che-chong-gi-va-cac-gioi-han-can-biet\">C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ch\u1ed1ng g\u1ec9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-4-quy-trinh-luyen-gia-cong-va-be-mat\">Quy tr\u00ecnh luy\u1ec7n, gia c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-5-ung-dung-tieu-bieu-lien-he-thuc-tien-viet-nam\">\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u (li\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n Vi\u1ec7t Nam)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-6-cach-chon-mac-inox-chuan-cho-du-an-tai-viet-nam\">C\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c inox chu\u1ea9n cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-7-nhung-ngo-nhan-pho-bien-va-khac-phuc\">Nh\u1eefng ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn (v\u00e0 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-8-moc-thoi-gian-tom-tat\">M\u1ed1c th\u1eddi gian t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-9-tieu-chuan-ky-hieu-va-cach-goi-mac\">Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi m\u00e1c<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-10-tai-lieu-tham-khao\">T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-11-ket-luan\">K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 (inox) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1edbi th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20\u201321. Hi\u1ec3u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ra \u0111\u1eddi gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi n\u1eafm v\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng: v\u00ec sao th\u00e9p \u201ckh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9\u201d, c\u00e1c m\u00e1c quan tr\u1ecdng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i to\u00e1n \u0103n m\u00f2n, v\u1ec7 sinh, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n ra sao trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-0-vi-sao-thep-khong-gi-la-phat-minh-doi-luat-choi\">V\u00ec sao th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh \u201c\u0111\u1ed5i lu\u1eadt ch\u01a1i\u201d?<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u201ckh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9\u201d: V\u1edbi t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u ~10,5% Cr, th\u00e9p t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t m\u00e0ng th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng si\u00eau m\u1ecfng (oxit Cr2O3 c\u1ee1 v\u00e0i nm) b\u00e1m ch\u1eb7t, t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i khi c\u00f3 oxy. M\u00e0ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ea5m khi\u00ean\u201d ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n trong nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<br \/>\n&#8211; B\u1ed9 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u201c3 trong 1\u201d: ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n + c\u01a1 t\u00ednh th\u00e9p + kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch\/v\u1ec7 sinh cao. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u1edf kh\u00f3a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh: ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch, y t\u1ebf, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed, h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i, \u00f4 t\u00f4\u2026<br \/>\n&#8211; T\u00ednh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng: v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi d\u00e0i, t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf cao (t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ebf li\u1ec7u trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng >60%; th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-1-dong-thoi-gian-phat-minh-va-thuong-mai-hoa\">D\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00f3a<\/h2>\n<h3>1820\u20131900: Nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean g\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ea7u<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; 1820s\u20131860s: Faraday v\u00e0 Berthier th\u1eed h\u1ee3p kim s\u1eaft\u2013cr\u00f4m; Robert Mushet (1861) l\u00e0m th\u00e9p Cr cao nh\u01b0ng cacbon c\u0169ng cao, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh carbide l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu l\u1edbp th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00ean ch\u01b0a th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u201ckh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9\u201d.<br \/>\n&#8211; Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19: Khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u201ct\u00ednh th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<h3>1904\u20131911: \u0110\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; L\u00e9on Guillet (Ph\u00e1p) h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a h\u1ee3p kim Fe\u2013Cr\u2013Ni, ghi nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 Ni \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c austenit.<br \/>\n&#8211; 1911: Monnartz v\u00e0 Borchers (\u0110\u1ee9c) ch\u1ec9 ra ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng kho\u1ea3ng \u226512% Cr \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u00e0ng th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u2013 vi\u00ean g\u1ea1ch quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cstainless\u201d.<\/p>\n<h3>1913: Brearley v\u00e0 \u201crustless steel\u201d \u1edf Sheffield<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Harry Brearley th\u1eed c\u00e1c m\u00e1c th\u00e9p Cr ~12\u201313% nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng b\u1ec1n m\u00f2n cho n\u00f2ng s\u00fang. \u00d4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u1eabu 12,8%Cr\u20130,24%C h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0103n m\u00f2n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea9m\/axit nh\u1eb9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean \u201crustless steel\u201d (sau ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 \u201cstainless\u201d). \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean: dao, n\u0129a, \u0111\u1ed3 gia d\u1ee5ng, r\u1ed3i lan ra c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n<h3>1912\u20131929: Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 18\/8 v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Krupp (\u0110\u1ee9c): Eduard Maurer v\u00e0 Benno Strauss ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ee3p kim austenit 18%Cr\u20138%Ni (\u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n cho AISI 304) v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u Nirosta (Nicht Rostender Stahl).<br \/>\n&#8211; William H. Hatfield (Anh) ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n 18\/8 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i (kho\u1ea3ng 1924) v\u00e0 m\u00e1c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng Ti (Type 321, kho\u1ea3ng 1929) \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng \u201cnh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m h\u00f3a\u201d v\u00f9ng h\u00e0n.<\/p>\n<h3>1940\u20131970: \u0110a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a m\u00e1c v\u00e0 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Martensitic (410\/420) cho dao k\u00e9o, tuabin; ferritic (430) cho trang tr\u00ed, gia d\u1ee5ng.<br \/>\n&#8211; 17-4PH (AISI 630, th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1940) m\u1edf ra th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 h\u00f3a b\u1ec1n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a cho h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng, khu\u00f4n, tr\u1ee5c quay.<br \/>\n&#8211; Cu\u1ed1i 1960s: C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 kh\u1eed cacbon b\u1eb1ng Oxy\u2013Argon (AOD) v\u00e0 VOD cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ea1 C xu\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t N, S, P; ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng inox t\u0103ng v\u1ecdt, gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n<h3>1970\u2013nay: Duplex, si\u00eau austenit v\u00e0 k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Duplex 2205\/2507 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p b\u1ec1n\u2013ch\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7 cao (Mo, N), ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n, d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed.<br \/>\n&#8211; Si\u00eau austenit (904L, 254SMO) cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Cl- kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t; 316\/316L tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cchu\u1ea9n\u201d cho ven bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t nh\u1eb9.<br \/>\n&#8211; S\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng inox th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t 50 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea5n\/n\u0103m; chu\u1ed7i t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tinh vi.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-2-phan-loai-chinh-va-thanh-phan-tieu-bieu\">Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/h2>\n<h3>Austenitic (Series 300\/200)<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb t\u00ednh (\u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ee7), d\u1ebbo, h\u00e0n t\u1ed1t, ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t t\u1ed1t.<br \/>\n&#8211; 304\/304L (18Cr\u20138Ni): ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, F&#038;B, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb y t\u1ebf, b\u1ed3n b\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng.<br \/>\n&#8211; 316\/316L (16\u201318Cr, 10\u201314Ni, 2\u20133Mo): t\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7 k\u1ebd (pitting) do Mo; khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb ven bi\u1ec3n, h\u1ed3 b\u01a1i, h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t nh\u1eb9.<br \/>\n&#8211; 201\/202 (Cr\u2013Mn\u2013N, Ni th\u1ea5p): thay th\u1ebf chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4, trong nh\u00e0; kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng chloride\/c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n<h3>Ferritic (Series 400, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 430)<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; T\u1eeb t\u00ednh, chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p, ch\u1ed1ng g\u1ec9 v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i; d\u00f9ng cho trang tr\u00ed trong nh\u00e0, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb gia d\u1ee5ng, \u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i kh\u00f4.<\/p>\n<h3>Martensitic (410\/420\/440)<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; T\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; d\u00f9ng cho dao, tuabin, tr\u1ee5c ch\u1ecbu m\u00e0i m\u00f2n; ch\u1ed1ng g\u1ec9 k\u00e9m h\u01a1n austenit.<\/p>\n<h3>Duplex (2205, 2507)<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Pitting cao, b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o g\u1ea5p ~1,8\u20132 l\u1ea7n 304\/316; d\u00f9ng cho n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n, kh\u1eed m\u1eb7n, b\u1ed3n \u00e1p l\u1ef1c, \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>H\u00f3a b\u1ec1n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a (17-4PH)<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; B\u1ec1n cao, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc; d\u00f9ng cho h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng, khu\u00f4n, tr\u1ee5c b\u01a1m, van.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-3-co-che-chong-gi-va-cac-gioi-han-can-biet\">C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ch\u1ed1ng g\u1ec9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; M\u00e0ng th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea7n oxy: trong k\u1ebd h\u1edf k\u00edn, n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecdng thi\u1ebfu oxy \u2192 \u0103n m\u00f2n k\u1ebd h\u1edf.<br \/>\n&#8211; Clorua g\u00e2y r\u1ed7: Mo v\u00e0 N c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 ch\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7 (PREN \u2248 %Cr + 3,3\u00d7%Mo + 16\u00d7%N). 316L c\u00f3 PREN cao h\u01a1n 304L; duplex 2205 cao h\u01a1n 316L.<br \/>\n&#8211; Nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m h\u00f3a khi h\u00e0n (500\u2013800\u00b0C): carbide Cr k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a \u1edf ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1t l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu m\u00e0ng th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u2192 ch\u1ecdn L-grade (C th\u1ea5p) ho\u1eb7c m\u00e1c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh Ti\/Nb (321\/347), d\u00f9ng quy tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 pasivation sau gia c\u00f4ng.<br \/>\n&#8211; Nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eaft b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t: h\u1ea1t s\u1eaft ngo\u1ea1i lai l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed3i\u201d r\u1ec9; c\u1ea7n pickling\/passivation ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc + h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00fang quy tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-4-quy-trinh-luyen-gia-cong-va-be-mat\">Quy tr\u00ecnh luy\u1ec7n, gia c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Luy\u1ec7n th\u00e9p: L\u00f2 h\u1ed3 quang (EAF) \u2192 tinh luy\u1ec7n AOD\/VOD \u2192 \u0111\u00fac li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u2192 c\u00e1n n\u00f3ng \u2192 t\u1ea9y g\u1ec9 \u2192 c\u00e1n ngu\u1ed9i \u2192 \u1ee7\u2192 t\u1ea9y g\u1ec9 \u2192 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t.<br \/>\n&#8211; B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn:<br \/>\n  &#8211; 2B: m\u1edd m\u1ecbn, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, d\u1ec5 v\u1ec7 sinh.<br \/>\n  &#8211; BA (Bright Annealed): s\u00e1ng g\u01b0\u01a1ng, trang tr\u00ed\u2013F&#038;B.<br \/>\n  &#8211; No.4\/HL: x\u01b0\u1edbc hairline, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac\u2013n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t.<br \/>\n&#8211; Sau gia c\u00f4ng\/h\u00e0n: n\u00ean t\u1ea9y\u2013th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i l\u1edbp Cr2O3.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-5-ung-dung-tieu-bieu-lien-he-thuc-tien-viet-nam\">\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u (li\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n Vi\u1ec7t Nam)<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; N\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch &#038; x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i: 304L\/316L cho b\u1ed3n, \u1ed1ng, van. Ven bi\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ee3 \u2192 \u01b0u ti\u00ean 316L\/duplex 2205.<br \/>\n&#8211; Th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m &#038; \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng: 304\/304L cho b\u1ed3n s\u1eefa, bia; CIP d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng; khu v\u1ef1c clorua cao (n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eafm, mu\u1ed1i) \u2192 316L.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac: m\u1eb7t d\u1ef1ng, lan can, thang m\u00e1y: trong nh\u00e0 304\/BA\/No.4; ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi g\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3n \u2192 316L\/duplex; ch\u1ecdn ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf b\u00e1m b\u1ea9n.<br \/>\n&#8211; D\u1ea7u kh\u00ed &#038; h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t: 316L, 904L, duplex 2205\/2507 t\u00f9y m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, Cl- v\u00e0 H2S.<br \/>\n&#8211; X\u01b0\u1edfng c\u01a1 kh\u00ed: 201 cho n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t kh\u00f4, kh\u00f4ng \u0103n m\u00f2n; 304\/316 cho thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac n\u01b0\u1edbc\/axit nh\u1eb9.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-6-cach-chon-mac-inox-chuan-cho-du-an-tai-viet-nam\">C\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c inox chu\u1ea9n cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng: trong nh\u00e0\/ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi; kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n; nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9; h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t (Cl-, pH).<br \/>\n&#8211; \u0110\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n: 201 (kh\u00f4, trong nh\u00e0) \u2192 304 (\u0111a d\u1ee5ng) \u2192 316 (clorua\/ven bi\u1ec3n) \u2192 duplex (clorua r\u1ea5t cao).<br \/>\n&#8211; Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u00e0n v\u00e0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t: ch\u1ecdn L-grade khi h\u00e0n d\u00e0y; quy tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea9y\u2013th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng; thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u1ea3m k\u1ebd h\u1edf.<br \/>\n&#8211; Chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9:<br \/>\n  &#8211; T\u1ea5m\/coil: ASTM A240; \u1ed0ng h\u00e0n: ASTM A554; \u1ed0ng \u0111\u00fac\/\u0111\u00fac ngu\u1ed9i: ASTM A312; Thanh: ASTM A276; Theo ch\u00e2u \u00c2u: EN 10088.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u MTC\/COA, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n; \u01b0u ti\u00ean nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh XRF\/OES.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ki\u1ec3m tra nhanh t\u1ea1i x\u01b0\u1edfng:<br \/>\n  &#8211; Nam ch\u00e2m: ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh g\u1ee3i \u00fd (austenit c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec5m t\u1eeb sau gia c\u00f4ng; 201 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng h\u00fat nam ch\u00e2m) \u2192 kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u201d m\u00e1c.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Moly-drop\/thu\u1ed1c th\u1eed Mo \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t 304\/316 t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7; t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t d\u00f9ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-7-nhung-ngo-nhan-pho-bien-va-khac-phuc\">Nh\u1eefng ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn (v\u00e0 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c)<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; \u201cInox kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd g\u1ec9\u201d: sai. L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn sai m\u00e1c\/b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecdng n\u01b0\u1edbc\/k\u1ebd h\u1edf, ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eaft s\u1ebd g\u00e2y r\u1ec9 n\u00e2u, r\u1ed7. C\u1ea7n ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u201cTh\u1eed nam ch\u00e2m l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7\u201d: sai. H\u00e3y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9, d\u00f9ng XRF v\u00e0 x\u00e9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u201c304 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhau\u201d: kh\u00f4ng. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, luy\u1ec7n kim, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t gia c\u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a sau h\u00e0n\u201d: sai. Pickling\/passivation l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc quan tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i m\u00e0ng th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-8-moc-thoi-gian-tom-tat\">M\u1ed1c th\u1eddi gian t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; 1911: Monnartz x\u00e1c l\u1eadp ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng ~12%Cr cho t\u00ednh th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng.<br \/>\n&#8211; 1913: Harry Brearley \u2013 \u201crustless steel\u201d \u1edf Sheffield.<br \/>\n&#8211; 1912\u20131924: 18\/8 austenitic th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i (ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n AISI 304).<br \/>\n&#8211; 1929: 321 (\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh Ti) cho m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n b\u1ec1n \u0103n m\u00f2n k\u1ebd h\u1ea1t.<br \/>\n&#8211; 1940s: 17-4PH cho b\u1ec1n cao, h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng.<br \/>\n&#8211; Cu\u1ed1i 1960s: AOD\/VOD \u2013 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t inox hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<br \/>\n&#8211; 1970s\u2013nay: Duplex 2205\/2507, si\u00eau austenit; m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-9-tieu-chuan-ky-hieu-va-cach-goi-mac\">Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi m\u00e1c<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; AISI\/UNS: 304 (UNS S30400), 304L (S30403), 316 (S31600), 316L (S31603), 321 (S32100), 430 (S43000), 2205 (S32205\/S31803), 17-4PH (S17400).<br \/>\n&#8211; ASTM\/ASME: A240 (t\u1ea5m\/cu\u1ed9n), A312 (\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00fac\/h\u00e0n d\u00f9ng cho \u00e1p l\u1ef1c), A554 (\u1ed1ng trang tr\u00ed), A276 (thanh), A182 (m\u1eb7t b\u00edch).<br \/>\n&#8211; EN 10088: danh m\u1ee5c m\u00e1c theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 1.4301 cho 304; 1.4404 cho 316L).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-10-tai-lieu-tham-khao\">T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; British Stainless Steel Association (BSSA) \u2013 History of Stainless Steel: https:\/\/www.bssa.org.uk\/topics.php?cat=1<br \/>\n&#8211; Encyclopaedia Britannica \u2013 Stainless steel: https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/technology\/stainless-steel<br \/>\n&#8211; Outokumpu \u2013 The history of stainless steel: https:\/\/www.outokumpu.com<br \/>\n&#8211; International Stainless Steel Forum (ISSF) \u2013 Stainless Steel in Figures: https:\/\/www.worldstainless.org<br \/>\n&#8211; ASM Handbook (Metals\/Corrosion) \u2013 C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0103n m\u00f2n c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9: https:\/\/www.asminternational.org<br \/>\n&#8211; ASTM International \u2013 Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u inox (A240, A312, A554, A276): https:\/\/www.astm.org<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-11-ket-luan\">K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n<p>T\u1eeb th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 1913 c\u1ee7a Brearley \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean AOD v\u00e0 duplex, th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u: ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i, b\u1ec1n c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh cao. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 x\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a l\u00e0: hi\u1ec3u c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00fang m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t clorua), ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c theo PREN v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u00e0n\u2013b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng m\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch. L\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ebd t\u1ed1i \u01b0u t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb.<\/p>\n<p>C\u1ea7n t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c inox chu\u1ea9n cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eadn b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t? Li\u00ean h\u1ec7 Inox C\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u1ecbnh \u2013 Hotline: 0343.417.281 \u2013 Email: inoxcongnghiep.cuongthinh@gmail.com<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>T\u1eeb th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 1913 c\u1ee7a Harry Brearley \u0111\u1ebfn 18\/8 austenitic, AOD v\u00e0 duplex: l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ch\u1ed1ng g\u1ec9, ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn inox chu\u1ea9n t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":1000,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1546","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tin-tuc"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1546","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1546"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1546\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/media\/1000"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1546"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1546"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1546"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}