{"id":1844,"date":"2026-03-30T12:34:21","date_gmt":"2026-03-30T05:34:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/10-loi-han-inox-pho-bien-va-cach-nhan-biet-phong-tranh\/"},"modified":"2026-03-30T12:34:21","modified_gmt":"2026-03-30T05:34:21","slug":"10-loi-han-inox-pho-bien-va-cach-nhan-biet-phong-tranh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/10-loi-han-inox-pho-bien-va-cach-nhan-biet-phong-tranh\/","title":{"rendered":"10 l\u1ed7i h\u00e0n Inox ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft, ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"custom-toc\">\n<h3>N\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-0-vi-sao-han-inox-kho-hon-thep-carbon\">V\u00ec sao h\u00e0n Inox \u201ckh\u00f3\u201d h\u01a1n th\u00e9p carbon?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-1-nguyen-tac-nen-tang-de-tranh-loi\">Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh l\u1ed7i<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-2-10-loi-han-inox-thuong-gap-nhan-biet-nguyen-nhan-c\">10 l\u1ed7i h\u00e0n Inox th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p: nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u2013 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u2013 c\u00e1ch ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-3-thong-so-goi-y-theo-quy-trinh-tham-khao-nhanh\">Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 g\u1ee3i \u00fd theo quy tr\u00ecnh (tham kh\u1ea3o nhanh)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-4-checklist-kiem-soat-chat-luong-truoc-trong-sau-han\">Checklist ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u2013 trong \u2013 sau h\u00e0n<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-5-luu-y-vat-lieu-va-ung-dung-thuc-te\">L\u01b0u \u00fd v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-6-tieu-chuan-tham-khao-va-nguong-chap-nhan\">Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n tham kh\u1ea3o v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-7-nguon-tham-khao\">Ngu\u1ed3n tham kh\u1ea3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-8-ket-luan\">K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Trong thi c\u00f4ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft Inox, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 k\u00edn, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111i th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o 10 l\u1ed7i h\u00e0n Inox ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u2013 c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh\/kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3m ph\u1ebf ph\u1ea9m, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa v\u00e0 b\u00e0n giao \u0111\u00fang chu\u1ea9n. Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m vi C\u1ea9m nang K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Li\u00ean k\u1ebft Inox, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ed9i dung d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ngay trong x\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-0-vi-sao-han-inox-kho-hon-thep-carbon\">V\u00ec sao h\u00e0n Inox \u201ckh\u00f3\u201d h\u01a1n th\u00e9p carbon?<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t cao, d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t th\u1ea5p: d\u1ec5 cong v\u00eanh, ch\u00e1y th\u1ee7ng, co ng\u00f3t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u.<br \/>\n&#8211; Nh\u1ea1y v\u1edbi oxy h\u00f3a: l\u1edbp th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng Cr2O3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y n\u1ebfu che ch\u1eafn kh\u00ed k\u00e9m, sinh bi\u1ebfn m\u00e0u\/heat tint v\u00e0 nguy c\u01a1 \u0103n m\u00f2n.<br \/>\n&#8211; Nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi n\u1ee9t n\u00f3ng khi kim lo\u1ea1i l\u1ecfng: \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n S\/P cao, r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c l\u1edbn, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd.<br \/>\n&#8211; Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1ea1ch tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i: d\u1ea7u m\u1ee1, \u1ea9m, h\u1ea1t th\u00e9p carbon g\u00e2y r\u1ed7 kh\u00ed, ng\u1eadm x\u1ec9, g\u1ec9 h\u00f3a b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t sau h\u00e0n.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-1-nguyen-tac-nen-tang-de-tranh-loi\">Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh l\u1ed7i<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; L\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3: m\u00e0i s\u1ea1ch l\u1edbp oxit, x\u1ec9 c\u00e1n, d\u00f9ng b\u00e0n ch\u1ea3i Inox ri\u00eang; t\u1ea9y d\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng acetone\/IPA; kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng b\u00e0n ch\u1ea3i\/th\u1edbt th\u00e9p carbon.<br \/>\n&#8211; Kh\u00ed b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7: TIG d\u00f9ng Ar 99,99% (6\u201312 L\/min), MIG d\u00f9ng kh\u00ed gi\u00e0u Ar (98% Ar + 2% CO2 ho\u1eb7c 98% Ar + 2% O2); \u1ed1ng\/k\u00e9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u back purging, O2 sau purging \u2264 50\u2013100 ppm.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa l\u1edbp: austenitic Inox th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1eef interpass \u2264 150\u00b0C; \u01b0u ti\u00ean xung (pulsed), t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00e0n cao, d\u00e2y \u201cL\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m h\u00f3a gi\u00e0 (sensitization).<br \/>\n&#8211; Ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p: 304\/201 d\u00f9ng ER308L\/E308L; 316 d\u00f9ng ER316L\/E316L; h\u00e0n d\u1ecb v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u00f9ng ER309L\/E309L. \u01afu ti\u00ean filler c\u00f3 FN ~3\u201310 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng n\u1ee9t n\u00f3ng.<br \/>\n&#8211; G\u00e1 l\u1eafp chu\u1ea9n: khe h\u1edf, v\u00e1t m\u00e9p, n\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ed3ng\/chill bar cho t\u00f4n m\u1ecfng; t\u1eafc k\u00ea \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 h\u00e0n so le \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng.<br \/>\n&#8211; Tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 WPS\/PQR v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra NDT ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p (VT, PT, RT\/UT khi c\u1ea7n).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-2-10-loi-han-inox-thuong-gap-nhan-biet-nguyen-nhan-c\">10 l\u1ed7i h\u00e0n Inox th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p: nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u2013 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u2013 c\u00e1ch ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh<\/h2>\n<h3>1) Ch\u00e1y c\u1ea1nh\/khuy\u1ebft c\u1ea1nh (Undercut)<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft: r\u00e3nh l\u00f5m d\u1ecdc bi\u00ean m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n, gi\u1ea3m ti\u1ebft di\u1ec7n, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ee9t\/\u0103n m\u00f2n.<br \/>\n&#8211; Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n: d\u00f2ng qu\u00e1 cao, g\u00f3c m\u1ecf sai, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00e0n qu\u00e1 nhanh, dao \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ed3 quang qu\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng, d\u00e2y\/que l\u1ec7ch bi\u00ean.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh\/kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c:<br \/>\n  &#8211; Gi\u1ea3m d\u00f2ng\/\u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p, r\u00fat ng\u1eafn chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i h\u1ed3 quang; gi\u1eef g\u00f3c m\u1ecf 10\u201315\u00b0 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u00e0n.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Kh\u00f4ng \u201cc\u00e0y\u201d m\u00e9p; duy tr\u00ec ao h\u00e0n nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<br \/>\n  &#8211; N\u1eafn l\u1ea1i m\u00e9p v\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o khe h\u1edf \u0111\u1ec1u; s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa b\u1eb1ng b\u1ed5 sung l\u1edbp \u0111\u1eafp m\u1ecfng sau khi m\u00e0i s\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n<h3>2) R\u1ed7 kh\u00ed (Porosity)<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft: l\u1ed7 tr\u00f2n li ti tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u1eb7c trong \u1ea3nh RT, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5u su\u1ed1t g\u00e2y r\u00f2 r\u1ec9.<br \/>\n&#8211; Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n: b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u1ea9m\/d\u1ea7u, kh\u00ed b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1ea9n\/r\u00f2 r\u1ec9, l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\/g\u00f3c ch\u1ee5p kh\u00ed k\u00e9m, gi\u00f3 l\u00f9a; l\u00f5i thu\u1ed1c \u1ea9m (SMAW\/FCAW).<br \/>\n&#8211; Ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh\/kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c:<br \/>\n  &#8211; L\u00e0m kh\u00f4 v\u1eadt h\u00e0n\/que h\u00e0n theo khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o; ki\u1ec3m tra r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 kh\u00ed, t\u0103ng l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 6\u201312 L\/min (TIG) t\u00f9y ch\u1ee5p.<br \/>\n  &#8211; D\u00f9ng ch\u1ee5p kh\u00ed l\u1edbn + l\u01b0\u1edbi khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n (gas lens); ch\u1eafn gi\u00f3; tr\u00e1nh d\u00f9ng CO2 tinh khi\u1ebft v\u1edbi MIG h\u00e0n Inox.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Back purge root \u1ed1ng\/k\u00e9t; \u0111o O2 d\u01b0 sau purging \u2264 50\u2013100 ppm.<br \/>\n  &#8211; M\u00e0i b\u1ecf v\u00f9ng r\u1ed7 v\u00e0 h\u00e0n b\u00f9 v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n<h3>3) N\u1ee9t n\u00f3ng\/n\u1ee9t ngu\u1ed9i<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft: v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t d\u1ecdc t\u00e2m m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n ho\u1eb7c v\u00f9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec7t (HAZ); n\u1ee9t ch\u00e2n\/h\u1ed1 co.<br \/>\n&#8211; Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n: th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i (S, P), r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c cao, kim lo\u1ea1i l\u1ecfng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i do nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o l\u1edbn, k\u1ebft th\u00fac h\u1ed3 quang \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh\/kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c:<br \/>\n  &#8211; D\u00f9ng filler \u201cL\u201d c\u00f3 FN 3\u201310 (308L\/316L); gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o, d\u00f9ng xung; h\u00e0n theo tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t.<br \/>\n  &#8211; L\u00e0m mi\u1ec7ng h\u00e0n (crater fill) tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi d\u1ee9t h\u1ed3 quang; gia nhi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi austenitic, tr\u00e1nh qu\u00e1 150\u00b0C gi\u1eefa l\u1edbp.<br \/>\n  &#8211; V\u1edbi n\u1ee9t: m\u00e0i b\u1ecf to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t + ph\u1ea7n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0n l\u1ea1i theo WPS.<\/p>\n<h3>4) Ch\u00e1y th\u1ee7ng (Burn-through)<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft: l\u1ed7 th\u1ee7ng t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2n m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean t\u00f4n m\u1ecfng 0,8\u20132 mm.<br \/>\n&#8211; Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n: d\u00f2ng\/\u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p cao, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p, khe h\u1edf l\u1edbn, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 backing.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh\/kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c:<br \/>\n  &#8211; Gi\u1ea3m d\u00f2ng, t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9; d\u00f9ng xung (TIG\/MIG-Pulse).<br \/>\n  &#8211; D\u1ef1a n\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ed3ng\/chill bar; thu nh\u1ecf khe h\u1edf; tact d\u00e0y h\u01a1n v\u00e0 h\u00e0n nh\u1ea3y c\u00f3c.<br \/>\n  &#8211; D\u00f9ng que\/d\u00e2y nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee5p kh\u00ed l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ao h\u00e0n.<\/p>\n<h3>5) Thi\u1ebfu ng\u1ea5u\/thi\u1ebfu ch\u1ea3y (Lack of fusion\/penetration)<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft: r\u00e3nh kh\u00f4ng d\u00ednh \u1edf bi\u00ean\/\u0111\u00e1y; ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng UT\/RT ho\u1eb7c c\u1eaft m\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra macro.<br \/>\n&#8211; Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n: nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o th\u1ea5p, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 nhanh, l\u1edbp oxit d\u00e0y, g\u00f3c \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ecf sai.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh\/kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c:<br \/>\n  &#8211; L\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc + h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc m\u00e9p h\u00e0n; \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh d\u00f2ng\/\u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p v\u00e0 g\u00f3c m\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 tia h\u1ed3 quang v\u00e0o ch\u00e2n.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Gi\u1eef chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i h\u1ed3 quang ng\u1eafn (TIG); d\u00f9ng chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch tia phun\/pulse (MIG) cho v\u1eadt d\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<h3>6) B\u1eafn t\u00f3e (Spatter \u2013 MIG\/FCAW)<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft: h\u1ea1t kim lo\u1ea1i b\u00e1m quanh m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n, t\u0103ng th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch, x\u1ea5u b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t.<br \/>\n&#8211; Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n: h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p kh\u00ed c\u00f3 CO2 cao, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u1eafn m\u1ea1ch kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00e1p m\u00e1t k\u00e9m.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh\/kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c:<br \/>\n  &#8211; D\u00f9ng kh\u00ed gi\u00e0u Ar (\u2265 95% Ar); chuy\u1ec3n sang phun tia ho\u1eb7c xung.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan d\u00f2ng \u2013 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u2013 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1ea1p; gi\u1eef k\u1eb9p mass t\u1ed1t, g\u1ea7n v\u00f9ng h\u00e0n.<\/p>\n<h3>7) Ng\u1eadm x\u1ec9 (Slag inclusion \u2013 SMAW\/FCAW)<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft: \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed1i trong \u1ea3nh RT ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea5y x\u1ec9 l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp.<br \/>\n&#8211; Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n: kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee5c b\u1ecf x\u1ec9, r\u00e3nh ch\u1eef V h\u1eb9p, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt dao \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u00e9m.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh\/kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c:<br \/>\n  &#8211; V\u1ec7 sinh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee5c x\u1ec9 s\u1ea1ch gi\u1eefa l\u1edbp; m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng\/\u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh g\u00f3c v\u00e1t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Gi\u1eef h\u1ed3 quang ng\u1eafn; kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eafp qu\u00e1 d\u00e0y m\u1ed7i l\u1edbp.<\/p>\n<h3>8) Bi\u1ebfn m\u00e0u\/oxy h\u00f3a (Heat tint) v\u00e0 suy gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft: d\u1ea3i v\u00e0ng\u2013xanh\u2013t\u00edm quanh m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n; l\u00e2u d\u00e0i d\u1ec5 \u201c\u1ed1 n\u00e2u\u201d\/rouging.<br \/>\n&#8211; Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n: che kh\u00ed k\u00e9m, l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p, kh\u00f4ng back purge m\u1eb7t sau, nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o cao.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh\/kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c:<br \/>\n  &#8211; T\u0103ng che ch\u1eafn: ch\u1ee5p l\u1edbn + gas lens, t\u1ea5m ch\u1eafn gi\u00f3, t\u1ea5m che theo sau (trailing shield).<br \/>\n  &#8211; Back purging cho \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng\/b\u00ecnh; ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t O2 d\u01b0 \u2264 50\u2013100 ppm v\u1edbi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u1ec7 sinh.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Sau h\u00e0n: t\u1ea9y g\u1ec9\u2013th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng gel axit nitric\/citric, r\u1eeda s\u1ea1ch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n<h3>9) Nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ea9n s\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng (cross-contamination)<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft: \u0111\u1ed1m g\u1ec9 n\u00e2u sau v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y\/tu\u1ea7n, d\u00f9 d\u00f9ng Inox.<br \/>\n&#8211; Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n: d\u00f9ng chung b\u00e0n ch\u1ea3i\/\u0111\u00e1 m\u00e0i v\u1edbi th\u00e9p th\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ee5i s\u1eaft b\u1eafn v\u00e0o.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh\/kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c:<br \/>\n  &#8211; D\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u201cch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng cho Inox\u201d; che ch\u1eafn khu v\u1ef1c m\u00e0i c\u1eaft th\u00e9p carbon.<br \/>\n  &#8211; L\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch, t\u1ea9y th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng sau h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ef9 quan\/\u0103n m\u00f2n cao.<\/p>\n<h3>10) Bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng\/cong v\u00eanh<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft: b\u1ea3n m\u00e3, t\u1ea5m, c\u1eeda, \u1ed1ng b\u1ecb v\u00eanh, m\u00e9o; l\u1eafp kh\u00f4ng kh\u00edt.<br \/>\n&#8211; Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n: gi\u00e3n n\u1edf cao, chu tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9, tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 h\u00e0n ch\u01b0a t\u1ed1i \u01b0u.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh\/kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c:<br \/>\n  &#8211; G\u00e1 c\u1ee9ng, n\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ed3ng\/chill bar, h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0n so le; r\u1ea3i m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n ng\u1eafn, nhi\u1ec1u tact.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o: d\u00e2y nh\u1ecf, xung, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao; h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e1t m\u00e9p qu\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng.<br \/>\n  &#8211; N\u1eafn n\u00f3ng\/l\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t sau h\u00e0n n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-3-thong-so-goi-y-theo-quy-trinh-tham-khao-nhanh\">Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 g\u1ee3i \u00fd theo quy tr\u00ecnh (tham kh\u1ea3o nhanh)<\/h2>\n<p>L\u01b0u \u00fd: t\u1ed1i \u01b0u theo WPS, chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0y v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u00e0n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<br \/>\n&#8211; TIG (GTAW) Inox 1\u20133 mm: DCEN; tungsten 1,6\u20132,4 mm (EWLa-1.5); ch\u1ee5p 8\u201312; Ar 8\u201312 L\/min; d\u00f2ng 40\u201390 A; que ER308L\/316L \u00d81,0\u20131,6 mm; chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i h\u1ed3 quang \u2248 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh tungsten; \u01b0u ti\u00ean xung \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ao h\u00e0n.<br \/>\n&#8211; MIG (GMAW) t\u1ea5m 2\u20136 mm: d\u00e2y 0,9\u20131,2 mm 308LSi\/316LSi; kh\u00ed 98% Ar + 2% CO2 (ho\u1eb7c 2% O2); ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phun\/xung 160\u2013240 A t\u00f9y t\u01b0 th\u1ebf; t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1ea1p 6\u201310 m\/ph; tr\u00e1nh CO2 thu\u1ea7n.<br \/>\n&#8211; SMAW: que E308L-16\/E316L-16 \u00d82,6\u20133,2 mm; 70\u2013110 A (\u00d82,6), 90\u2013130 A (\u00d83,2); h\u1ed3 quang ng\u1eafn; s\u1ea5y que theo khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<br \/>\n&#8211; Back purging \u1ed1ng: Ar 4\u20138 L\/min \u1edf m\u1eb7t sau; x\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn khi O2 d\u01b0 \u2264 50\u2013100 ppm (d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111o c\u1ea7m tay) tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u1ed3i h\u1ed3 quang.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o (kJ\/mm): Heat input = (V \u00d7 I \u00d7 60 \u00d7 \u03b7) \/ (1000 \u00d7 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00e0n mm\/ph\u00fat). V\u1edbi TIG\/MIG, \u03b7 x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 0,6\u20130,8. Gi\u1eef m\u1ee9c v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u1ee9t n\u00f3ng, bi\u1ebfn m\u00e0u v\u00e0 cong v\u00eanh.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-4-checklist-kiem-soat-chat-luong-truoc-trong-sau-han\">Checklist ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u2013 trong \u2013 sau h\u00e0n<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0n:<br \/>\n  &#8211; X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e1c Inox (201\/304\/316) v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn filler ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p (\u01b0u ti\u00ean \u201cL\u201d).<br \/>\n  &#8211; L\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch 25\u201350 mm quanh m\u00e9p h\u00e0n; chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb khe h\u1edf\/v\u00e1t m\u00e9p theo WPS.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Ki\u1ec3m tra kh\u00ed, \u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i; test r\u00f2 b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng; chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb ch\u1eafn gi\u00f3.<br \/>\n&#8211; Trong h\u00e0n:<br \/>\n  &#8211; Duy tr\u00ec chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i h\u1ed3 quang ng\u1eafn; g\u00f3c m\u1ecf \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh; ki\u1ec3m tra li\u00ean t\u1ee5c m\u00e0u m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Gi\u1eefa l\u1edbp: l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch x\u1ec9\/bavia; \u0111o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa l\u1edbp \u2264 150\u00b0C cho austenitic.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Root pass \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng: back purge \u0111\u1ee7; kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh n\u1ebfu O2 d\u01b0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng.<br \/>\n&#8211; Sau h\u00e0n:<br \/>\n  &#8211; VT 100% v\u00e0 PT v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u00edn; s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa r\u1ed7\/khuy\u1ebft ng\u1ea5u ngay khi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n.<br \/>\n  &#8211; T\u1ea9y g\u1ec9\u2013th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f9ng bi\u1ebfn m\u00e0u; \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 l\u00f4 v\u00e0 l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 truy xu\u1ea5t.<br \/>\n  &#8211; B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u1ecfi b\u1ee5i th\u00e9p carbon trong v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n\/l\u01b0u kho.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-5-luu-y-vat-lieu-va-ung-dung-thuc-te\">L\u01b0u \u00fd v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; 201 vs 304 vs 316: 201 r\u1ebb nh\u01b0ng nh\u1ea1y r\u1ed7 kh\u00ed h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu v\u1ec7 sinh k\u00e9m; 316 ch\u1ecbu \u0103n m\u00f2n clorua t\u1ed1t, n\u00ean d\u00f9ng ER316L cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n\/th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m m\u1eb7n.<br \/>\n&#8211; K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec7 sinh (th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, d\u01b0\u1ee3c): b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c back purging, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf heat tint ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u00e0i b\u00f3ng\/\u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a.<br \/>\n&#8211; H\u00e0n d\u1ecb v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u (Inox \u2013 th\u00e9p carbon): d\u00f9ng ER309L\/E309L l\u00e0m l\u1edbp \u201cbuttering\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m pha lo\u00e3ng v\u00e0 n\u1ee9t.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-6-tieu-chuan-tham-khao-va-nguong-chap-nhan\">Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n tham kh\u1ea3o v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; ISO 5817: C\u00e1c m\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0n h\u1ed3 quang \u2013 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt.<br \/>\n&#8211; AWS D1.6 (Stainless Steel): Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, quy tr\u00ecnh, ki\u1ec3m tra cho k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u Inox.<br \/>\n&#8211; ISO 9606-1\/ISO 15614-1: Ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee3 h\u00e0n v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0n.<br \/>\nKhuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng B ho\u1eb7c C (ISO 5817) cho k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c\/k\u00edn.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-7-nguon-tham-khao\">Ngu\u1ed3n tham kh\u1ea3o<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; AWS D1.6\/D1.6M: Structural Welding Code \u2013 Stainless Steel, American Welding Society.<br \/>\n&#8211; ISO 5817: Welding \u2013 Fusion-welded joints in steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys \u2013 Quality levels.<br \/>\n&#8211; The Welding Institute (TWI): Stainless steel welding guidelines and defect prevention resources.<br \/>\n&#8211; Lincoln Electric, ESAB: Stainless steel welding consumable datasheets and process guides.<br \/>\n&#8211; Alleima (Sandvik): Stainless steel welding recommendations and heat tint\/passivation guidance.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-8-ket-luan\">K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 h\u00e0n Inox \u201c\u0111\u1eb9p \u2013 k\u00edn \u2013 b\u1ec1n \u2013 ch\u1ed1ng g\u1ec9\u201d, h\u00e3y l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u: s\u1ea1ch, che kh\u00ed chu\u1ea9n, ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 h\u00e0n. Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n s\u1edbm 10 l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn (ch\u00e1y c\u1ea1nh, r\u1ed7 kh\u00ed, n\u1ee9t, ch\u00e1y th\u1ee7ng, thi\u1ebfu ng\u1ea5u, b\u1eafn t\u00f3e, ng\u1eadm x\u1ec9, bi\u1ebfn m\u00e0u, nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ea9n s\u1eaft, cong v\u00eanh) v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh \u1edf tr\u00ean s\u1ebd gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh ph\u1ebf ph\u1ea9m, ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch, v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh Inox.<\/p>\n<p>C\u1ea7n t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n quy tr\u00ecnh\/WPS theo m\u00e1c Inox, chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0y v\u00e0 t\u01b0 th\u1ebf h\u00e0n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3? Li\u00ean h\u1ec7 Inox C\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. Hotline: 0343.417.281. Email: inoxcongnghiep.cuongthinh@gmail.com<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft 10 l\u1ed7i h\u00e0n Inox (ch\u00e1y c\u1ea1nh, r\u1ed7 kh\u00ed, n\u1ee9t&#8230;), nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c. K\u00e8m th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 g\u1ee3i \u00fd TIG\/MIG\/SMAW v\u00e0 checklist QA.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":1064,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1844","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tin-tuc"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1844","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1844"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1844\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/media\/1064"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1844"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1844"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1844"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}