{"id":1992,"date":"2026-05-08T00:33:35","date_gmt":"2026-05-07T17:33:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/lich-su-ra-doi-thep-khong-gi-tu-berthier-toi-304-316-hien-dai\/"},"modified":"2026-05-08T00:33:35","modified_gmt":"2026-05-07T17:33:35","slug":"lich-su-ra-doi-thep-khong-gi-tu-berthier-toi-304-316-hien-dai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/lich-su-ra-doi-thep-khong-gi-tu-berthier-toi-304-316-hien-dai\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ra \u0111\u1eddi th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9: T\u1eeb Berthier t\u1edbi 304\/316 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"custom-toc\">\n<h3>N\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-0-vi-sao-thep-khong-gi-co-che-khoa-hoc-dung-sau\">V\u00ec sao th\u00e9p \u201ckh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9\u201d? C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ee9ng sau<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-1-dong-thoi-gian-tu-y-tuong-den-vat-lieu-thay-doi-th\">D\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian: T\u1eeb \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-2-tu-phong-thi-nghiem-toi-day-chuyen-nhung-nut-that-\">T\u1eeb ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m t\u1edbi d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n: Nh\u1eefng n\u00fat th\u1eaft c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e1o g\u1ee1<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-3-cac-gia-dinh-va-mac-inox-tieu-bieu-sinh-ra-de-giai\">C\u00e1c \u201cgia \u0111\u00ecnh\u201d v\u00e0 m\u00e1c inox ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u: Sinh ra \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft b\u00e0i to\u00e1n n\u00e0o?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-4-nhung-ung-dung-da-dinh-hinh-the-ky-xxxxi\">Nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX\u2013XXI<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-5-bai-hoc-chon-mac-tu-lich-su-tien-hoa\">B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c t\u1eeb l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-6-moc-su-kien-nhanh\">M\u1ed1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n nhanh<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-7-nguon-tham-khao-chon-loc\">Ngu\u1ed3n tham kh\u1ea3o ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-8-ket-luan\">K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i t\u1eeb dao k\u00e9o, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e0n khoan ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i. Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ra \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n t\u00f2 m\u00f2 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n gi\u00fap k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 x\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c inox t\u1ed1i \u01b0u cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c\u2014n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i trong ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-0-vi-sao-thep-khong-gi-co-che-khoa-hoc-dung-sau\">V\u00ec sao th\u00e9p \u201ckh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9\u201d? C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ee9ng sau<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; T\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u 10,5% Cr trong th\u00e9p t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u00e0ng oxit crom si\u00eau m\u1ecfng (kho\u1ea3ng 1\u20133 nm) b\u00e1m ch\u1eb7t b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, t\u1ef1 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o khi b\u1ecb x\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 oxy\u2014g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a.<br \/>\n&#8211; Niken (Ni) \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh pha austenit, gi\u00fap gia c\u00f4ng, d\u1ebbo dai; Molypden (Mo) t\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n r\u1ed7\/clorua; Nit\u01a1 (N) t\u0103ng b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7; Cacbon (C) c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t th\u1ea5p trong nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0103n m\u00f2n k\u1ebd h\u1ea1t.<br \/>\n&#8211; T\u1eeb c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e0y h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u201cgia \u0111\u00ecnh\u201d th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9: martensitic (410\/420), ferritic (430), austenitic (304\/316), duplex (2205), v\u00e0 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a b\u1ec1n\/PH (17-4PH).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-1-dong-thoi-gian-tu-y-tuong-den-vat-lieu-thay-doi-th\">D\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian: T\u1eeb \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/h2>\n<h3>1821\u20131900: M\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; 1821: Pierre Berthier (Ph\u00e1p) ghi nh\u1eadn h\u1ee3p kim Fe\u2013Cr b\u1ec1n \u0103n m\u00f2n trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t d\u00f9ng cho dao k\u00e9o. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 luy\u1ec7n kim th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00ec th\u00e9p gi\u00f2n, cacbon cao.<br \/>\n&#8211; 1872: Woods &#038; Clark (Anh) \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf th\u00e9p crom ch\u1ecbu axit\u2014b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Cr.<br \/>\n&#8211; 1895\u20131898: Hans Goldschmidt (\u0110\u1ee9c) ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n quy tr\u00ecnh aluminothermic (thermite) \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t crom g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a cacbon, m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho h\u1ee3p kim Cr ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao.<\/p>\n<h3>1900\u20131915: Khai sinh c\u00e1c \u201ch\u1ecd\u201d th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; 1904\u20131911: L\u00e9on Guillet (Ph\u00e1p) c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ec7 Fe\u2013Cr\u2013Ni v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 pha, \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho m\u00e1c austenitic.<br \/>\n&#8211; 1911\u20131912: Philipp Monnartz (\u0110\u1ee9c) ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u1ea7n kho\u1ea3ng \u226512% Cr \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u00e0ng th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng\u2014nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a inox.<br \/>\n&#8211; 1912\u20131913: Harry Brearley (Sheffield, Anh) khi t\u00ecm th\u00e9p ch\u1ecbu m\u00e0i m\u00f2n cho n\u00f2ng s\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o h\u1ee3p kim ~12\u201313% Cr, ~0,2\u20130,3% C; dao \u201crustless steel\u201d ra \u0111\u1eddi\u2014khai sinh nh\u00f3m martensitic (ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n 410\/420).<br \/>\n&#8211; 1912\u20131914: Eduard Maurer v\u00e0 Benno Strauss (Krupp, \u0110\u1ee9c) ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e1c austenitic Ni\u2013Cr, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng 18\/8 (kho\u1ea3ng 18% Cr, 8% Ni), sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00f3a r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1920\u20131930.<\/p>\n<h3>1920\u20131960: Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u1ee3p kim<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1920: B\u1ed5 sung Mo (2\u20133%) v\u00e0o 18\/8 t\u1ea1o nh\u00f3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 316, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7\/clorua (n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n, h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t).<br \/>\n&#8211; 1930s: Duplex (Fe\u2013Cr\u2013Ni\u2013Mo, c\u00f3 N) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Scandinavia \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng b\u1ec1n \u2013 ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n \u2013 chi ph\u00ed.<br \/>\n&#8211; 1940s: Ra \u0111\u1eddi th\u00e9p k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a b\u1ec1n 17-4PH (\u224817% Cr, 4% Ni + Cu, Nb) cho h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng\/qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng.<\/p>\n<h3>1960\u2013nay: \u0110\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 luy\u1ec7n kim v\u00e0 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; 1967: C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 kh\u1eed cacbon b\u1eb1ng Argon\u2013Oxygen (AOD) cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng C th\u1ea5p, s\u1ea1ch t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t, gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed tinh luy\u1ec7n. Sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 VOD\/CLU, ESR\/VAR cho y\u00eau c\u1ea7u si\u00eau s\u1ea1ch.<br \/>\n&#8211; 1970\u20132000s: Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n super austenitic (904L) v\u00e0 super duplex (2507) cho d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed\/ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i; chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u theo ASTM\/EN\/JIS.<br \/>\n&#8211; 2010s\u20132020s: S\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng inox to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u01b0\u1ee3t 55 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea5n\/n\u0103m, nh\u00f3m austenitic 300-series v\u1eabn chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf, c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng 200-series t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u chi ph\u00ed Ni (ISSF).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-2-tu-phong-thi-nghiem-toi-day-chuyen-nhung-nut-that-\">T\u1eeb ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m t\u1edbi d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n: Nh\u1eefng n\u00fat th\u1eaft c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e1o g\u1ee1<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng crom v\u00e0 s\u1eaft n\u1ec1n: Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thermite gi\u00fap c\u00f3 Cr \u00edt t\u1ea1p; l\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ed3 quang (EAF) v\u00e0 tinh luy\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p cho ph\u00e9p ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd.<br \/>\n&#8211; Kh\u1eed cacbon m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t Cr: AOD\/VOD t\u00e1ch C d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e0u O2\/Ar \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf oxy h\u00f3a Cr\u2014ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a cho 304L\/316L.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nit\u01a1 v\u00e0 vi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac: B\u1ed5 sung N n\u00e2ng b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7 (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t duplex), \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u1ea1t, pha sigma khi h\u00e0n\/nhi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-3-cac-gia-dinh-va-mac-inox-tieu-bieu-sinh-ra-de-giai\">C\u00e1c \u201cgia \u0111\u00ecnh\u201d v\u00e0 m\u00e1c inox ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u: Sinh ra \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft b\u00e0i to\u00e1n n\u00e0o?<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Martensitic (410\/420): Dao k\u00e9o, chi ti\u1ebft ch\u1ecbu m\u00e0i m\u00f2n; c\u01a1 t\u00ednh cao, ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i; h\u00e0n kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ferritic (430\/441): Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a Ni, t\u1eeb t\u00ednh, chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p; ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p trang tr\u00ed trong nh\u00e0, \u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i, bu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed1t; ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i, kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng 304.<br \/>\n&#8211; Austenitic (304\/304L \u2013 EN 1.4301\/1.4307): D\u1ec5 gia c\u00f4ng, h\u00e0n t\u1ed1t, ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n \u0111a d\u1ee5ng; ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cho th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, b\u1ed3n b\u1ec3, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac trong nh\u00e0\/ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi \u00edt clorua.<br \/>\n&#8211; Austenitic Mo (316\/316L \u2013 EN 1.4401\/1.4404): Th\u00eam 2\u20132,5% Mo ch\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7\/clorua; d\u00f9ng cho bi\u1ec3n, h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t, y t\u1ebf.<br \/>\n&#8211; Duplex (2205 \u2013 EN 1.4462): B\u1ec1n cao, ch\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7\/k\u1ebd h\u1ea1t t\u1ed1t, h\u00e0n c\u1ea7n quy tr\u00ecnh; ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n, b\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5y, d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed.<br \/>\n&#8211; PH (17-4PH \u2013 EN 1.4542): D\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1ec1n r\u1ea5t cao cho h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng\/khu\u00f4n.<\/p>\n<p>G\u1ee3i \u00fd th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng: So s\u00e1nh ch\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7 qua ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 PREN \u2248 %Cr + 3,3\u00d7%Mo + 16\u00d7%N. 304 c\u00f3 PREN ~18\u201319; 316 ~24; 2205 ~35. M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 clorua (bi\u1ec3n, h\u1ed3 b\u01a1i, n\u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1i) n\u00ean \u01b0u ti\u00ean PREN cao.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-4-nhung-ung-dung-da-dinh-hinh-the-ky-xxxxi\">Nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX\u2013XXI<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u2013 \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng: 304\/316L cho b\u1ed3n, \u1ed1ng, CIP v\u00ec s\u1ea1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4i nhi\u1ec5m.<br \/>\n&#8211; H\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch: 304\/316L\/duplex cho \u1ed1ng v\u00e0 fitting, gi\u1ea3m r\u00f2 r\u1ec9, tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd cao.<br \/>\n&#8211; D\u1ea7u kh\u00ed \u2013 h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t: 316L, 904L, duplex\/super duplex kh\u00e1ng clorua\/H2S, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao.<br \/>\n&#8211; Y t\u1ebf \u2013 d\u01b0\u1ee3c: D\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 420\/440, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb 316L \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t d\u1ec5 ti\u1ec7t tr\u00f9ng.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac: 304\/316L cho m\u1eb7t d\u1ef1ng, lan can; v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ven bi\u1ec3n \u01b0u ti\u00ean 316L \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh r\u1ed7.<br \/>\n&#8211; Vi\u1ec7t Nam: Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1eefa\/bia ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn 304\/316L; 430 cho trang tr\u00ed n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t; 201 d\u00f9ng h\u00e0ng gia d\u1ee5ng\/ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac trong nh\u00e0 kh\u00f4\u2014kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb cho ven bi\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t clorua.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-5-bai-hoc-chon-mac-tu-lich-su-tien-hoa\">B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c t\u1eeb l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c sau:<br \/>\n  + Trong nh\u00e0 kh\u00f4: 201\/430 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 (chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p).<br \/>\n  + Ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb\/\u00edt clorua: 304\/304L.<br \/>\n  + Ven bi\u1ec3n\/h\u1ed3 b\u01a1i, mu\u1ed1i: 316\/316L ho\u1eb7c duplex 2205 n\u1ebfu t\u1ea3i cao.<br \/>\n  + H\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t\/axit h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u2013 v\u00f4 c\u01a1: c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc 316L, 904L ho\u1eb7c duplex\/super austenitic theo n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9\/nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u01afu ti\u00ean m\u00e1c \u201cL\u201d khi h\u00e0n d\u00e0y, v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh n\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0103n m\u00f2n k\u1ebd h\u1ea1t.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ki\u1ec3m tra ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n: ASTM (A240 t\u1ea5m\/cu\u1ed9n; A312 \u1ed1ng), EN, JIS; \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu m\u00e3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi (LCC): l\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho th\u1ea5y n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p t\u1eeb 304 l\u00ean 316L \u1edf m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng clorua th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ebb h\u01a1n s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-6-moc-su-kien-nhanh\">M\u1ed1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n nhanh<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; 1821: Berthier \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t Fe\u2013Cr ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n.<br \/>\n&#8211; 1895\u20131898: Goldschmidt kh\u1eed cacbon trong Cr (thermite).<br \/>\n&#8211; 1904\u20131911: Guillet nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ec7 Fe\u2013Cr\u2013Ni.<br \/>\n&#8211; 1911\u20131912: Monnartz x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng ~12% Cr \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng.<br \/>\n&#8211; 1912\u20131913: Brearley khai sinh inox martensitic (dao \u201crustless\u201d).<br \/>\n&#8211; 1912\u20131914: Maurer &#038; Strauss ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n austenitic 18\/8.<br \/>\n&#8211; 1920s\u20131930s: 316 (c\u00f3 Mo), duplex \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u.<br \/>\n&#8211; 1940s: 17-4PH.<br \/>\n&#8211; 1967: AOD th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00f3a.<br \/>\n&#8211; 1980s: Super austenitic\/duplex cho ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i.<br \/>\n&#8211; 2010s\u20132020s: S\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u >55 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea5n\/n\u0103m (ISSF).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-7-nguon-tham-khao-chon-loc\">Ngu\u1ed3n tham kh\u1ea3o ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; British Stainless Steel Association (BSSA) \u2013 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt: https:\/\/bssa.org.uk<br \/>\n&#8211; Nickel Institute \u2013 C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 h\u1ecd m\u00e1c inox, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u: https:\/\/nickelinstitute.org<br \/>\n&#8211; ASM Specialty Handbook: Stainless Steels \u2013 T\u1ed5ng quan k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, vi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, \u0103n m\u00f2n (ASM International).<br \/>\n&#8211; International Stainless Steel Forum (ISSF) \u2013 Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng: https:\/\/www.worldstainless.org<br \/>\n&#8211; Encyclopaedia Britannica \u2013 Stainless steel: l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i: https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/technology\/stainless-steel<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-8-ket-luan\">K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n<p>T\u1eeb quan s\u00e1t ti\u00ean phong c\u1ee7a Berthier v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a crom, qua ph\u00e1t minh dao \u201crustless steel\u201d c\u1ee7a Brearley \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e1c 18\/8 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t AOD, th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c cho v\u1ec7 sinh, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. C\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a \u201ckh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9\u201d l\u00e0 m\u00e0ng th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng do \u226510,5% Cr t\u1ea1o ra; Ni, Mo v\u00e0 N tinh ch\u1ec9nh t\u00ednh n\u0103ng cho t\u1eebng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u1edbi b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c n\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a theo ASTM\/EN, \u01b0u ti\u00ean t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n<p>C\u1ea7n t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c, quy c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng gi\u00e1 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc? Li\u00ean h\u1ec7 Inox C\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u1ecbnh: Hotline 0343.417.281 \u2013 Email inoxcongnghiep.cuongthinh@gmail.com.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>D\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 t\u1eeb Berthier (1821), Brearley (1913) t\u1edbi 18\/8, AOD v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u201ckh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9\u201d v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":1021,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1992","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tin-tuc"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1992","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1992"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1992\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/media\/1021"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1992"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1992"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1992"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}