{"id":2007,"date":"2026-05-11T12:33:48","date_gmt":"2026-05-11T05:33:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/thep-khong-gi-do-cung-do-deo-chiu-nhiet-va-chon-mac\/"},"modified":"2026-05-11T12:33:48","modified_gmt":"2026-05-11T05:33:48","slug":"thep-khong-gi-do-cung-do-deo-chiu-nhiet-va-chon-mac","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/thep-khong-gi-do-cung-do-deo-chiu-nhiet-va-chon-mac\/","title":{"rendered":"Th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9: \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo, ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"custom-toc\">\n<h3>N\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-0-1-ba-dac-tinh-cot-loi-dinh-nghia-va-cach-do\">1) Ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i: \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111o<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-1-2-thanh-phan-vi-to-chuc-quyet-dinh-dac-tinh\">2) Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u2013 vi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-2-3-do-cung-gia-tri-dien-hinh-va-ung-dung\">3) \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng: gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-3-4-do-deo-va-kha-nang-tao-hinh\">4) \u0110\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-4-5-kha-nang-chiu-nhiet-tu-oxy-hoa-den-creep\">5) Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t: t\u1eeb \u00f4xy h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ebfn creep<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-5-6-chon-mac-theo-yeu-cau-do-cung-deo-chiu-nhiet\">6) Ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng \u2013 d\u1ebbo \u2013 ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-6-7-anh-huong-cua-quy-trinh-che-tao-toi-ba-dac-tinh\">7) \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u1edbi ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-7-8-quy-trinh-5-buoc-chon-mac-theo-do-cung-deo-chiu-\">8) Quy tr\u00ecnh 5 b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c theo \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng \u2013 d\u1ebbo \u2013 ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-8-9-cau-hoinham-lan-thuong-gap\">9) C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi\/nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-9-10-nguong-tham-chieu-nhanh\">10) Ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng tham chi\u1ebfu nhanh<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-10-nguon-tham-khao-chon-loc\">Ngu\u1ed3n tham kh\u1ea3o ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-11-ket-luan\">K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Trong m\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9, ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh chi ph\u1ed1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u00e0: \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh theo nh\u00f3m m\u00e1c, c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p, v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho k\u1ef9 s\u01b0, x\u01b0\u1edfng c\u01a1 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ea3nh gh\u00e9p c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i trong ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee7 s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-0-1-ba-dac-tinh-cot-loi-dinh-nghia-va-cach-do\">1) Ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i: \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111o<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng: Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng d\u1ebbo c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9\/kh\u00e1ng m\u00e0i m\u00f2n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111o theo Rockwell (HRB\/HRC), Brinell (HBW), Vickers (HV). L\u01b0u \u00fd chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa thang \u0111o ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c n\u1ec1n vi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u0110\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo: Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u1ee9t g\u00e3y, bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb qua gi\u00e3n d\u00e0i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i sau \u0111\u1ee9t (A, %), \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1eaft (RA, %), \u0111\u1ed9 u\u1ed1n. \u0110\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo cao thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho d\u1eadp, k\u00e9o, u\u1ed1n, h\u00e0n.<br \/>\n&#8211; Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t: G\u1ed3m (i) ch\u1ed1ng \u00f4xy h\u00f3a\/\u0111\u00f3ng c\u00e1u (scaling resistance) \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, (ii) gi\u1eef b\u1ec1n\/gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ea3y d\u1ebbo ch\u1eadm (creep) khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, (iii) \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh vi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c (tr\u00e1nh gi\u00f2n sigma, nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m h\u00f3a).<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c ph\u00e9p th\u1eed tham chi\u1ebfu:<br \/>\n&#8211; \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng: ASTM E18 (Rockwell), ASTM E10 (Brinell), ASTM E92 (Vickers).<br \/>\n&#8211; T\u00ednh d\u1ebbo: ASTM A370 (k\u00e9o), EN ISO 6892-1.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t\/\u00f4xy h\u00f3a: d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecbnh danh theo m\u00e1c\/nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Nickel Institute, ASTM\/EN s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m (A240, EN 10088).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-1-2-thanh-phan-vi-to-chuc-quyet-dinh-dac-tinh\">2) Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u2013 vi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/h2>\n<p>Nh\u00f3m m\u00e1c th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh:<br \/>\n&#8211; Austenitic (300 series nh\u01b0 304, 316; 200 series): Ni\/NNi gi\u00fap d\u1ebbo cao, kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng qua nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n, l\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n t\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t th\u1ea5p, h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf cao. Nh\u1ea1y SCC trong clorua \u1edf 60\u2013200\u00b0C.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ferritic (400 series nh\u01b0 430, 446): T\u1eeb t\u00ednh, C th\u1ea5p, kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng, d\u1ebbo trung b\u00ecnh-kh\u00e1, b\u1ec1n n\u00f3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, ch\u1ed1ng SCC t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n austenitic, h\u00e0n c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh gi\u00f2n h\u1ea1t.<br \/>\n&#8211; Martensitic (410\/420\/440): T\u00f4i ram \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng cao, d\u1ebbo th\u1ea5p-trung b\u00ecnh, ch\u1ed1ng m\u00e0i m\u00f2n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 \u1edf m\u1ee9c v\u1eeba.<br \/>\n&#8211; Duplex (2205, 2507): Pha k\u00e9p austenite + ferrite, b\u1ec1n cao, d\u1ebbo kh\u00e1, SCC v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i, ch\u1ecbu \u0103n m\u00f2n clorua t\u1ed1t; nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cao li\u00ean t\u1ee5c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf h\u01a1n austenitic ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng.<br \/>\n&#8211; K\u1ebft t\u1ee7a b\u1ec1n (PH, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 17-4PH): T\u00f4i h\u00f3a gi\u00e0 cho b\u1ec1n\/\u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng r\u1ea5t cao, gi\u1eef c\u01a1 t\u00ednh t\u1ed1t t\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 300\u2013350\u00b0C.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-2-3-do-cung-gia-tri-dien-hinh-va-ung-dung\">3) \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng: gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ee7 (annealed)\/chu\u1ea9n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m:<br \/>\n&#8211; 304\/304L: ~70\u201395 HRB (\u2248 150\u2013200 HBW). C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t ~25\u201340 HRC khi l\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng (t\u1ea5m 301\/304 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u201chalf hard\u201d, \u201cfull hard\u201d).<br \/>\n&#8211; 316\/316L: ~80\u201395 HRB (\u2248 150\u2013200 HBW).<br \/>\n&#8211; 430 (ferritic): ~70\u201390 HRB (\u2248 140\u2013190 HBW).<br \/>\n&#8211; 410 (martensitic) \u1ee7: ~88\u201395 HRB; sau t\u00f4i ram c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t ~35\u201345 HRC (420 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cao h\u01a1n, t\u1edbi ~50 HRC).<br \/>\n&#8211; 17-4PH (H900): ~HRC 40\u201344; H1025\/H1150 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng, t\u0103ng d\u1ebbo.<\/p>\n<p>L\u01b0u \u00fd k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt:<br \/>\n&#8211; Austenitic kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i n\u01b0\u1edbc; ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng qua bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng ngu\u1ed9i (c\u00e1n ngu\u1ed9i, d\u1eadp s\u00e2u). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y k\u00e9o theo t\u0103ng b\u1ec1n nh\u01b0ng gi\u1ea3m d\u1ebbo v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 h\u00e0n h\u01a1n.<br \/>\n&#8211; Martensitic\/PH \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng cao nh\u1ea5t qua chu tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang quy c\u00e1ch (nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4i, ram\/gi\u00e0 h\u00f3a).<br \/>\n&#8211; \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng cao kh\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a ch\u1ed1ng m\u00e0i d\u00ednh (galling) t\u1ed1t. Austenitic c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng galling khi ma s\u00e1t kh\u00f4; d\u00f9ng b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n, ph\u1ee7\/nitriding ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 Nitronic 60) n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1ee3t.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-3-4-do-deo-va-kha-nang-tao-hinh\">4) \u0110\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh<\/h2>\n<p>Gi\u00e3n d\u00e0i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh:<br \/>\n&#8211; 304\/316 (austenitic): A5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh 40\u201360%; r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p d\u1eadp s\u00e2u, k\u00e9o vu\u1ed1t, u\u1ed1n g\u00f3c nh\u1ecf. H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 l\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng cao \u2192 b\u1ec1n t\u0103ng nhanh sau t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh.<br \/>\n&#8211; 430 (ferritic): A5 ~20\u201330%; d\u1eadp\/u\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n b\u00e1n k\u00ednh u\u1ed1n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1n.<br \/>\n&#8211; 410 (martensitic) \u1ee7: A5 ~15\u201320%; sau t\u00f4i ram, d\u1ebbo gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u2192 kh\u00f3 u\u1ed1n\/d\u1eadp.<br \/>\n&#8211; 17-4PH: A5 ~10\u201312% (H900), t\u0103ng l\u00ean khi gi\u00e0 h\u00f3a \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n (\u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i b\u1ec1n\/\u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng gi\u1ea3m).<\/p>\n<p>Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb gia c\u00f4ng:<br \/>\n&#8211; U\u1ed1n t\u1ea5m austenitic: n\u00ean d\u00f9ng R\/t \u2265 1\u20131.5 cho 304\/316 \u1ee7; t\u0103ng R\/t n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e1n ngu\u1ed9i.<br \/>\n&#8211; Gi\u1ea3m n\u1ee9t r\u1ea1n m\u00e9p: c\u1eaft s\u1ea1ch, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf bavia, ch\u1ecdn h\u01b0\u1edbng u\u1ed1n thu\u1eadn theo th\u1edb c\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ferritic.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng springback \u1edf austenitic do m\u00f4 \u0111un th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n th\u00e9p carbon.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-4-5-kha-nang-chiu-nhiet-tu-oxy-hoa-den-creep\">5) Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t: t\u1eeb \u00f4xy h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ebfn creep<\/h2>\n<p>Ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh (m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng oxy h\u00f3a kh\u00f4, t\u1ea3i c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i):<br \/>\n&#8211; 304\/304L: kh\u00e1ng \u00f4xy h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ebfn ~870\u00b0C li\u00ean t\u1ee5c (~925\u00b0C gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n); c\u01a1 t\u00ednh suy gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean ~600\u00b0C do creep.<br \/>\n&#8211; 316\/316L: t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 304, ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n n\u00f3ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nh\u1edd Mo; \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf ~870\u2013925\u00b0C trong \u00f4xy h\u00f3a kh\u00f4.<br \/>\n&#8211; 321\/347 (\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh Ti\/Nb): ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c d\u00e0i l\u00e2u \u1edf ~450\u2013850\u00b0C, gi\u1ea3m nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m h\u00f3a v\u00f9ng h\u1ea1t t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n 304\/316 khi h\u00e0n\/l\u01b0u nhi\u1ec7t.<br \/>\n&#8211; 310\/310S: kh\u00e1ng \u00f4xy h\u00f3a r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t t\u1edbi ~1050\u20131100\u00b0C (li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u00f9y \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n), d\u00f9ng cho l\u00f2, \u1ed1ng gia nhi\u1ec7t.<br \/>\n&#8211; 430: kho\u1ea3ng ~815\u00b0C; d\u00f9ng cho bu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed1t, \u1ed1p ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t trung b\u00ecnh.<br \/>\n&#8211; 409\/439 (ferritic Cr th\u1ea5p, \u00f4 t\u00f4): \u0111\u1ee7 cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 \u00f4 t\u00f4 (~600\u2013750\u00b0C khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau).<br \/>\n&#8211; 17-4PH: gi\u1eef b\u1ec1n t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ebfn ~300\u2013350\u00b0C; tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng n\u00e0y c\u01a1 t\u00ednh suy gi\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd:<br \/>\n&#8211; Creep chi ph\u1ed1i tr\u00ean ~550\u2013600\u00b0C: ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c\/thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ti\u1ebft di\u1ec7n theo d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ec1n creep n\u1ebfu v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n.<br \/>\n&#8211; Pha sigma (600\u2013900\u00b0C) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y gi\u00f2n \u1edf austenitic gi\u00e0u Cr\/Mo v\u00e0 duplex khi l\u01b0u nhi\u1ec7t l\u00e2u \u2192 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc m\u00e1c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf chu tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u0102n m\u00f2n \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c b\u1edfi SO2, vanadi, clorua. Trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng clorua \u1ea9m \u1edf 60\u2013200\u00b0C, austenitic r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea1y SCC; ferritic\/duplex \u01b0u th\u1ebf h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-5-6-chon-mac-theo-yeu-cau-do-cung-deo-chiu-nhiet\">6) Ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng \u2013 d\u1ebbo \u2013 ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00e1c k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn:<br \/>\n&#8211; D\u1eadp s\u00e2u b\u1ed3n\/b\u1ec3, \u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m: \u01b0u ti\u00ean d\u1ebbo cao v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n \u2192 304\/304L; m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng clorua\/c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1i: 316\/316L.<br \/>\n&#8211; Chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng\/kh\u00e1ng m\u00e0i m\u00f2n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t: 410\/420 t\u00f4i ram; n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n b\u1ec1n cao + ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u2192 17-4PH (H900\/H1025). V\u1edbi 304\/316, c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc c\u00e1n ngu\u1ed9i ho\u1eb7c x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t (nitriding \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t th\u1ea5p).<br \/>\n&#8211; Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t cao (800\u20131100\u00b0C) trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n \u00f4xy h\u00f3a kh\u00f4: 310\/310S; 321\/347 cho l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c l\u00e2u \u1edf 450\u2013850\u00b0C c\u00f3 h\u00e0n.<br \/>\n&#8211; H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 \u00f4 t\u00f4\/kh\u00ed n\u00f3ng trung b\u00ecnh: 409\/439\/430 t\u00f9y v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9.<br \/>\n&#8211; M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n n\u00f3ng \u1ea9m (40\u201380\u00b0C) c\u00f3 t\u1ea3i: c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc duplex 2205 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m SCC v\u00e0 r\u1ed7 clorua.<\/p>\n<p>Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i:<br \/>\n&#8211; T\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng (qua t\u00f4i ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng) th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 dai va \u0111\u1eadp.<br \/>\n&#8211; M\u00e1c ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ef1c t\u1ed1t (310S) kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft c\u00f3 b\u1ec1n\/yield cao \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t ph\u00f2ng nh\u01b0 PH\/duplex.<br \/>\n&#8211; Austenitic d\u1ec5 t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 SCC \u1edf 60\u2013200\u00b0C trong clorua; n\u1ebfu v\u1eeba n\u00f3ng v\u1eeba c\u00f3 clorua \u2192 xem duplex ho\u1eb7c ferritic \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-6-7-anh-huong-cua-quy-trinh-che-tao-toi-ba-dac-tinh\">7) \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u1edbi ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; H\u00e0n:<br \/>\n  &#8211; V\u00f9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec7t (HAZ) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ec1m (austenitic c\u00e1n ngu\u1ed9i) ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m gi\u00f2n\/sinh pha sigma (ferritic\/duplex) n\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m h\u00f3a 450\u2013850\u00b0C \u1edf 304\/316 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y \u0103n m\u00f2n li\u00ean h\u1ea1t; d\u00f9ng 304L\/316L, 321\/347, ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o v\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch\/passivation sau h\u00e0n.<br \/>\n&#8211; Nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n:<br \/>\n  &#8211; Austenitic: kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; \u1ee7 dung d\u1ecbch (solution anneal) \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i d\u1ebbo v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n sau gia c\u00f4ng n\u1eb7ng.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Martensitic\/PH: tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nghi\u00eam chu tr\u00ecnh t\u00f4i, ram\/gi\u00e0 h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh gi\u00f2n.<br \/>\n&#8211; Gia c\u00f4ng ngu\u1ed9i:<br \/>\n  &#8211; T\u0103ng nhanh b\u1ec1n\/\u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng \u1edf austenitic; c\u1ea7n t\u00ednh t\u1edbi springback, \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t d\u01b0 (n\u00ean kh\u1eed \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t n\u1ebfu dung sai h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc kh\u1eaft khe).<br \/>\n&#8211; X\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t:<br \/>\n  &#8211; Nitriding nhi\u1ec7t th\u1ea5p (\u2264450\u00b0C) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u1ee9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t austenitic m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n; ph\u1ee7 PVD, shot peening c\u0169ng h\u1eefu \u00edch cho m\u1ecfi\/m\u00e0i m\u00f2n.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-7-8-quy-trinh-5-buoc-chon-mac-theo-do-cung-deo-chiu-\">8) Quy tr\u00ecnh 5 b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c theo \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng \u2013 d\u1ebbo \u2013 ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t<\/h2>\n<p>1) X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh mi\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c (li\u00ean t\u1ee5c\/gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n) v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng (kh\u00f4\/\u1ea9m\/clorua\/kh\u00ed SOx).<br \/>\n2) X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u00e1 h\u1ecfng chi ph\u1ed1i: m\u00e0i m\u00f2n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng d\u1ebbo, creep, SCC, \u0103n m\u00f2n r\u1ed7\/khe.<br \/>\n3) Ch\u1ecdn h\u1ecd v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p:<br \/>\n   &#8211; \u2264300\u00b0C, c\u1ea7n d\u1ebbo cao: 304\/316.<br \/>\n   &#8211; 300\u2013600\u00b0C, c\u00f3 h\u00e0n d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n: 321\/347.<br \/>\n   &#8211; 600\u2013900\u00b0C, kh\u00e1ng \u00f4xy h\u00f3a: 310S ho\u1eb7c h\u1ee3p kim ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng.<br \/>\n   &#8211; C\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng cao: 410\/420 ho\u1eb7c 17-4PH.<br \/>\n   &#8211; M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng clorua + t\u1ea3i: duplex 2205.<br \/>\n4) \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i cung c\u1ea5p: \u1ee7, c\u00e1n ngu\u1ed9i (1\/2H, FH), t\u00f4i ram, gi\u00e0 h\u00f3a (H900\/H1025).<br \/>\n5) Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh: b\u00e1n k\u00ednh u\u1ed1n, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00e0n, x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, ki\u1ec3m tra theo ASTM\/EN t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-8-9-cau-hoinham-lan-thuong-gap\">9) C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi\/nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; 316 c\u00f3 c\u1ee9ng h\u01a1n 304? Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ee7; kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n clorua nh\u1edd Mo.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u201cCh\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u1eef b\u1ec1n \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t cao? Kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00e1c ch\u1ed1ng \u00f4xy h\u00f3a t\u1ed1t (310S) nh\u01b0ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u creep\/b\u1ec1n n\u00f3ng.<br \/>\n&#8211; C\u1ee9 c\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng m\u00e0i m\u00f2n t\u1ed1t? M\u00e0i m\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf (d\u00ednh, c\u1eaft, x\u00f3i). Austenitic d\u1ec5 galling, c\u1ea7n b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng cao nh\u1edd c\u00e1n ngu\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-9-10-nguong-tham-chieu-nhanh\">10) Ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng tham chi\u1ebfu nhanh<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng \u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh: austenitic 70\u201395 HRB; ferritic 70\u201390 HRB; martensitic 88\u201395 HRB (\u1ee7).<br \/>\n&#8211; \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng cao: 410\/420 t\u00f4i ram ~35\u201350 HRC; 17-4PH H900 ~40\u201344 HRC.<br \/>\n&#8211; D\u1ebbo cao cho d\u1eadp s\u00e2u: 304\/316 (A5 ~40\u201360%).<br \/>\n&#8211; Kh\u00e1ng \u00f4xy h\u00f3a: 304\/316 ~870\u2013925\u00b0C; 430 ~815\u00b0C; 310S ~1050\u20131100\u00b0C.<br \/>\n&#8211; Creep \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3: xem x\u00e9t t\u1eeb ~550\u2013600\u00b0C tr\u1edf l\u00ean v\u1edbi t\u1ea3i d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-10-nguon-tham-khao-chon-loc\">Ngu\u1ed3n tham kh\u1ea3o ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Nickel Institute \u2013 \u201cStainless Steels at High Temperatures\u201d, \u201cDesign Guidelines for the Selection and Use of Stainless Steels\u201d: https:\/\/nickelinstitute.org<br \/>\n&#8211; ASTM A240\/A240M (t\u1ea5m, b\u0103ng, d\u1ea3i) v\u00e0 ASTM A276 (thanh) \u2013 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u01a1 t\u00ednh\/\u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng theo m\u00e1c\/s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m: https:\/\/www.astm.org<br \/>\n&#8211; EN 10088 (Stainless steels) \u2013 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, c\u01a1 t\u00ednh theo m\u00e1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<br \/>\n&#8211; SSINA (Specialty Steel Industry of North America) \u2013 datasheet 304\/316\/430\/410\/17-4PH: https:\/\/www.ssina.com<br \/>\n&#8211; Outokumpu Datasheets (304\/316\/321\/347\/310S, 2205): https:\/\/www.outokumpu.com<br \/>\n&#8211; AZoM Materials \u2013 Stainless Steel 304, 316, 410, 17-4PH overviews: https:\/\/www.azom.com<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-11-ket-luan\">K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1ng m\u00e0i m\u00f2n v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9; \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eadp\/u\u1ed1n\/h\u00e0n; ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh vi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t cao.<br \/>\n&#8211; Austenitic (304\/316) t\u1ed1i \u01b0u cho d\u1eadp v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng; martensitic\/PH d\u00e0nh cho y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng\/b\u1ec1n cao; ferritic\/duplex h\u1eefu \u00edch khi c\u1ea7n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec7t\/SCC; 310S l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n cho \u00f4xy h\u00f3a r\u1ea5t cao.<br \/>\n&#8211; L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang m\u00e1c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi x\u00e9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u00e1 h\u1ecfng chi ph\u1ed1i, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n<p>C\u1ea7n t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c theo b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3? Li\u00ean h\u1ec7 Inox C\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t.<br \/>\nHotline: 0343.417.281<br \/>\nEmail: inoxcongnghiep.cuongthinh@gmail.com<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9; so s\u00e1nh 304\/316\/430\/410\/17-4PH\/310S; h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c, l\u01b0u \u00fd h\u00e0n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":1043,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2007","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tin-tuc"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2007","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2007"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2007\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/media\/1043"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2007"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2007"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2007"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}