{"id":2302,"date":"2026-07-21T00:35:11","date_gmt":"2026-07-20T17:35:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/10-loi-han-inox-nhan-biet-va-phong-tranh-ro-khi-nut-chay-canh\/"},"modified":"2026-07-21T00:35:11","modified_gmt":"2026-07-20T17:35:11","slug":"10-loi-han-inox-nhan-biet-va-phong-tranh-ro-khi-nut-chay-canh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/10-loi-han-inox-nhan-biet-va-phong-tranh-ro-khi-nut-chay-canh\/","title":{"rendered":"10 l\u1ed7i h\u00e0n inox: nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh r\u1ed7 kh\u00ed, n\u1ee9t, ch\u00e1y c\u1ea1nh"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n<div class=\"kk-star-ratings kksr-auto kksr-align-left kksr-valign-top\"\n    data-payload='{&quot;align&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;2302&quot;,&quot;slug&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;valign&quot;:&quot;top&quot;,&quot;ignore&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;reference&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;count&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;legendonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;readonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;score&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;starsonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;best&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;gap&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;greet&quot;:&quot;\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1&quot;,&quot;legend&quot;:&quot;0\\\/5 - (0 b\u00ecnh ch\u1ecdn)&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;24&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;10 l\u1ed7i h\u00e0n inox: nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh r\u1ed7 kh\u00ed, n\u1ee9t, ch\u00e1y c\u1ea1nh&quot;,&quot;width&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;_legend&quot;:&quot;{score}\\\/{best} - ({count} {votes})&quot;,&quot;font_factor&quot;:&quot;1.25&quot;}'>\n            \n<div class=\"kksr-stars\">\n    \n<div 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class=\"kksr-stars-active\" style=\"width: 0px;\">\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                \n\n<div class=\"kksr-legend\" style=\"font-size: 19.2px;\">\n            <span class=\"kksr-muted\">\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span>\n    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"custom-toc\">\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/10-loi-han-inox-nhan-biet-va-phong-tranh-ro-khi-nut-chay-canh\/#Noi_dung_chinh\" >N\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/10-loi-han-inox-nhan-biet-va-phong-tranh-ro-khi-nut-chay-canh\/#Vi_sao_moi_han_inox_de_phat_sinh_loi\" >V\u00ec sao m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n inox d\u1ec5 ph\u00e1t sinh l\u1ed7i?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/10-loi-han-inox-nhan-biet-va-phong-tranh-ro-khi-nut-chay-canh\/#10_loi_han_inox_thuong_gap_va_cach_phong_tranh\" >10 l\u1ed7i h\u00e0n inox th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/10-loi-han-inox-nhan-biet-va-phong-tranh-ro-khi-nut-chay-canh\/#1_Lem_canh_chay_canhundercut\" >1) L\u1eb9m c\u1ea1nh (ch\u00e1y c\u1ea1nh\/undercut)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/10-loi-han-inox-nhan-biet-va-phong-tranh-ro-khi-nut-chay-canh\/#2_Chay_thung_burn-through\" >2) Ch\u00e1y th\u1ee7ng (burn-through)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/10-loi-han-inox-nhan-biet-va-phong-tranh-ro-khi-nut-chay-canh\/#3_Ro_khi_porosity\" >3) R\u1ed7 kh\u00ed (porosity)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/10-loi-han-inox-nhan-biet-va-phong-tranh-ro-khi-nut-chay-canh\/#4_Nut_nong_hot_cracking\" >4) N\u1ee9t n\u00f3ng (hot cracking)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/10-loi-han-inox-nhan-biet-va-phong-tranh-ro-khi-nut-chay-canh\/#5_Khong_ngau_lack_of_fusion\" >5) Kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea5u (lack of fusion)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/10-loi-han-inox-nhan-biet-va-phong-tranh-ro-khi-nut-chay-canh\/#6_Thieu_thau_chan_lack_of_penetration\" >6) Thi\u1ebfu th\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n (lack of penetration)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/10-loi-han-inox-nhan-biet-va-phong-tranh-ro-khi-nut-chay-canh\/#7_Ngam_xi_slag_inclusion\" >7) Ng\u1eadm x\u1ec9 (slag inclusion)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/10-loi-han-inox-nhan-biet-va-phong-tranh-ro-khi-nut-chay-canh\/#8_Doi_mauoxy_hoa_heat_tint_va_nhay_an_mon\" >8) \u0110\u1ed5i m\u00e0u\/oxy h\u00f3a (heat tint) v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1y \u0103n m\u00f2n<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/10-loi-han-inox-nhan-biet-va-phong-tranh-ro-khi-nut-chay-canh\/#9_Oxy_hoa_mat_sau_sugaring\" >9) Oxy h\u00f3a m\u1eb7t sau (sugaring)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/10-loi-han-inox-nhan-biet-va-phong-tranh-ro-khi-nut-chay-canh\/#10_Bien_dang_cong_venh\" >10) Bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng, cong v\u00eanh<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/10-loi-han-inox-nhan-biet-va-phong-tranh-ro-khi-nut-chay-canh\/#Thong_so_va_thuc_hanh_khuyen_nghi_nhanh\" >Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb nhanh<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/10-loi-han-inox-nhan-biet-va-phong-tranh-ro-khi-nut-chay-canh\/#Kiem_soat_chat_luong_va_tieu_chuan_ap_dung\" >Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/10-loi-han-inox-nhan-biet-va-phong-tranh-ro-khi-nut-chay-canh\/#Cac_cau_hoi_ky_thuat_nhanh\" >C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhanh<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/10-loi-han-inox-nhan-biet-va-phong-tranh-ro-khi-nut-chay-canh\/#Nguon_tham_khao\" >Ngu\u1ed3n tham kh\u1ea3o<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/10-loi-han-inox-nhan-biet-va-phong-tranh-ro-khi-nut-chay-canh\/#Ket_luan\" >K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Noi_dung_chinh\"><\/span>N\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-0-vi-sao-moi-han-inox-de-phat-sinh-loi\">V\u00ec sao m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n inox d\u1ec5 ph\u00e1t sinh l\u1ed7i?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-1-10-loi-han-inox-thuong-gap-va-cach-phong-tranh\">10 l\u1ed7i h\u00e0n inox th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-2-thong-so-va-thuc-hanh-khuyen-nghi-nhanh\">Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb nhanh<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-3-kiem-soat-chat-luong-va-tieu-chuan-ap-dung\">Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-4-cac-cau-hoi-ky-thuat-nhanh\">C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhanh<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-5-nguon-tham-khao\">Ngu\u1ed3n tham kh\u1ea3o<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-6-ket-luan\">K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>H\u00e0n inox \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u00ed nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u01a1n th\u00e9p carbon. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng 10 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n inox th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh theo chu\u1ea9n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t. Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu trong C\u1ea9m nang K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Li\u00ean k\u1ebft Inox, song n\u1ed9i dung d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ngay t\u1ea1i x\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-0-vi-sao-moi-han-inox-de-phat-sinh-loi\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vi_sao_moi_han_inox_de_phat_sinh_loi\"><\/span>V\u00ec sao m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n inox d\u1ec5 ph\u00e1t sinh l\u1ed7i?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; D\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t th\u1ea5p, gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t cao: d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y th\u1ee7ng, bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng, l\u1eb9m c\u1ea1nh khi nhi\u1ec7t t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9.<br \/>\n&#8211; L\u1edbp oxit cr\u00f4m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nhanh \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t cao: n\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u00ed k\u00e9m s\u1ebd g\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0u, oxy h\u00f3a m\u1eb7t sau (sugaring) v\u00e0 \u0103n m\u00f2n sau n\u00e0y.<br \/>\n&#8211; Luy\u1ec7n kim: th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 Austenitic c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 n\u1ee9t n\u00f3ng n\u1ebfu ferrite qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p; Martensitic d\u1ec5 n\u1ee9t ngu\u1ed9i do t\u00f4i c\u1ee9ng; Ferritic nh\u1ea1y bi\u1ebfn gi\u00f2n v\u00f9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec7t (HAZ).<br \/>\n&#8211; Nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ea9n s\u1eaft t\u1ef1 do, d\u1ea7u m\u1ee1, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m: g\u00e2y r\u1ed7 kh\u00ed, v\u1ebft n\u00e2u r\u1ec9 sau h\u00e0n.<\/p>\n<p>G\u1ee3i \u00fd gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n chung:<br \/>\n&#8211; Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u1ea5p\u2013trung b\u00ecnh, interpass temperature th\u01b0\u1eddng \u2264150\u00b0C cho austenitic.<br \/>\n&#8211; B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u00ed m\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t sau (back purging) \u0111\u1ea1t O2 <50\u2013100 ppm cho \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0n g\u1ed1c.\n- D\u00f9ng que\/kim h\u00e0n \u201cL\u201d (h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng C th\u1ea5p) nh\u01b0 ER308L, ER316L \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 h\u00f3a b\u1ec1n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a v\u00e0 \u0103n m\u00f2n k\u1ebd h\u1ea1t.\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"toc-1-10-loi-han-inox-thuong-gap-va-cach-phong-tranh\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"10_loi_han_inox_thuong_gap_va_cach_phong_tranh\"><\/span>10 l\u1ed7i h\u00e0n inox th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Lem_canh_chay_canhundercut\"><\/span>1) L\u1eb9m c\u1ea1nh (ch\u00e1y c\u1ea1nh\/undercut)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft:<br \/>\n&#8211; R\u00e3nh l\u00f5m d\u1ecdc theo m\u00e9p m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n, gi\u1ea3m ti\u1ebft di\u1ec7n, d\u1ec5 n\u1ee9t kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u.<br \/>\nNguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n:<br \/>\n&#8211; D\u00f2ng qu\u00e1 cao, chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i h\u1ed3 quang l\u1edbn; g\u00f3c m\u1ecf sai; t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n qu\u00e1 nhanh; b\u1ec3 h\u00e0n qu\u00e1 l\u1ecfng.<br \/>\nPh\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh\/x\u1eed l\u00fd:<br \/>\n&#8211; Gi\u1ea3m d\u00f2ng\/\u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p, r\u00fat ng\u1eafn h\u1ed3 quang; gi\u1eef g\u00f3c m\u1ecf 10\u201315\u00b0 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea9y khi TIG\/MIG inox m\u1ecfng.<br \/>\n&#8211; T\u0103ng nh\u1eb9 th\u1eddi gian d\u1eebng \u1edf m\u00e9p, d\u00f9ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt weave nh\u1ecf; chia nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp.<br \/>\n&#8211; V\u1edbi MIG, ch\u1ecdn ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 xung (pulsed) \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1ec3 h\u00e0n; hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh WPS v\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n thao t\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Chay_thung_burn-through\"><\/span>2) Ch\u00e1y th\u1ee7ng (burn-through)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft:<br \/>\n&#8211; L\u1ed7 th\u1ee7ng \u1edf ch\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c m\u1eb7t sau c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5m m\u1ecfng; m\u00e9p loe, bi\u1ebfn m\u00e0u \u0111\u1eadm.<br \/>\nNguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n:<br \/>\n&#8211; Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o cao; khe h\u1edf gh\u00e9p l\u1edbn; v\u00e1t m\u00e9p qu\u00e1 m\u1ecfng; kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng backing.<br \/>\nPh\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh\/x\u1eed l\u00fd:<br \/>\n&#8211; Gi\u1ea3m d\u00f2ng, d\u00f9ng xung TIG\/MIG; t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9; \u0111i \u201cstitch\u201d\/skip weld.<br \/>\n&#8211; D\u00f9ng backing \u0111\u1ed3ng\/nh\u00f4m, thanh l\u00e0m m\u00e1t; gi\u1ea3m khe h\u1edf, t\u0103ng land root.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Ro_khi_porosity\"><\/span>3) R\u1ed7 kh\u00ed (porosity)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft:<br \/>\n&#8211; H\u1ed1c nh\u1ecf l\u1ea5m t\u1ea5m tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u1eb7c trong th\u00e2n m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n (ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng PT\/RT).<br \/>\nNguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n:<br \/>\n&#8211; B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u1ea9n (d\u1ea7u, \u1ea9m, s\u01a1n); kh\u00ed b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u1ea9m ho\u1eb7c l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\/che ch\u1eafn k\u00e9m; chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i h\u1ed3 quang d\u00e0i; gi\u00f3 l\u00f9a.<br \/>\nPh\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh\/x\u1eed l\u00fd:<br \/>\n&#8211; L\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch b\u1eb1ng acetone\/IPA, b\u00e0n ch\u1ea3i inox chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng; kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng b\u00e0n ch\u1ea3i\/th\u1edbt th\u00e9p carbon.<br \/>\n&#8211; Kh\u00ed Argon 99.99% cho TIG (8\u201312 L\/ph\u00fat v\u1edbi ch\u1ee5p #8\u2013#12, gas lens); MIG 15\u201320 L\/ph\u00fat, che gi\u00f3 t\u1ed1t, stick-out h\u1ee3p l\u00fd.<br \/>\n&#8211; S\u1ea5y d\u00e2y\/que h\u00e0n theo khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o; ki\u1ec3m tra r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 v\u00e0 dew point c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Nut_nong_hot_cracking\"><\/span>4) N\u1ee9t n\u00f3ng (hot cracking)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft:<br \/>\n&#8211; V\u1ebft n\u1ee9t d\u1ecdc trung t\u00e2m ho\u1eb7c v\u00f9ng cu\u1ed1i h\u00e0n, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi ngu\u1ed9i nhanh sau h\u1ed3 quang.<br \/>\nNguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n:<br \/>\n&#8211; Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n fully austenitic, t\u1ea1p S\/P cao; b\u1ec3 h\u00e0n r\u1ed9ng, bi\u00ean d\u1ea1ng l\u00f5m; r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c cao.<br \/>\nPh\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh\/x\u1eed l\u00fd:<br \/>\n&#8211; D\u00f9ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u00e0n c\u00f3 ferrite s\u1ed1 FN 3\u201310 (ER308L\/316L \u0111\u1ea1t FN ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p theo Schaeffler\/WRC-1992).<br \/>\n&#8211; Gi\u1eef bi\u00ean d\u1ea1ng h\u00e0n l\u1ed3i v\u1eeba; gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o, kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea3o m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n; ch\u1ecdn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00e9p gi\u1ea3m co k\u00e9o.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t, \u01b0u ti\u00ean \u201cL grade\u201d.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Khong_ngau_lack_of_fusion\"><\/span>5) Kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea5u (lack of fusion)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft:<br \/>\n&#8211; Ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa kim lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n v\u00e0 m\u00e9p v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft; PT\/RT th\u1ea5y v\u1ec7t t\u1ed1i k\u00e9o d\u00e0i.<br \/>\nNguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n:<br \/>\n&#8211; Nhi\u1ec7t th\u1ea5p, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 nhanh; l\u1edbp oxit d\u00e0y; g\u00f3c m\u1ecf sai khi\u1ebfn h\u1ed3 quang kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e9t m\u00e9p.<br \/>\nPh\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh\/x\u1eed l\u00fd:<br \/>\n&#8211; L\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc m\u00e9p h\u00e0n; \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh d\u00f2ng\/\u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9; t\u0103ng g\u00f3c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o m\u00e9p.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh d\u00e2y\/que ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p; chia nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp m\u1ecfng, bead nh\u1ecf \u201cstringer\u201d.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Thieu_thau_chan_lack_of_penetration\"><\/span>6) Thi\u1ebfu th\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n (lack of penetration)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft:<br \/>\n&#8211; Ch\u00e2n h\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng li\u1ec1n; kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y g\u1edd ch\u00e2n \u1edf m\u1eb7t sau khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1ea5u.<br \/>\nNguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n:<br \/>\n&#8211; D\u00f2ng th\u1ea5p; root face d\u00e0y; khe h\u1edf qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf; kh\u00f4ng back purge\/\u0111\u1ee1 ch\u00e2n.<br \/>\nPh\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh\/x\u1eed l\u00fd:<br \/>\n&#8211; Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb m\u00e9p \u0111\u00fang: root face 0.5\u20131.0 mm, khe 0.8\u20131.5 mm cho t\u1ea5m m\u1ecfng.<br \/>\n&#8211; Back purging b\u1eb1ng Ar, d\u00f9ng backing bar; h\u00e0n \u0111u\u1ed5i t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c v\u1edbi TIG; back-gouge v\u00e0 h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng khi c\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Ngam_xi_slag_inclusion\"><\/span>7) Ng\u1eadm x\u1ec9 (slag inclusion)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft:<br \/>\n&#8211; D\u1ea3i t\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong th\u00e2n m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n (th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p \u1edf SMAW\/FCAW).<br \/>\nNguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n:<br \/>\n&#8211; G\u00f3c que sai, h\u1ed3 quang d\u00e0i; kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch x\u1ec9 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp; r\u00e3nh h\u00e0n h\u1eb9p.<br \/>\nPh\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh\/x\u1eed l\u00fd:<br \/>\n&#8211; Ch\u1ecdn que E308L-16\/E316L-17 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng; v\u1ec7 sinh x\u1ec9 k\u1ef9 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c passes.<br \/>\n&#8211; M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3nh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, ch\u1ec9nh th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u201cdrag\/push\u201d theo khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_Doi_mauoxy_hoa_heat_tint_va_nhay_an_mon\"><\/span>8) \u0110\u1ed5i m\u00e0u\/oxy h\u00f3a (heat tint) v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1y \u0103n m\u00f2n<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft:<br \/>\n&#8211; V\u1ec7t v\u00e0ng\u2013xanh\u2013t\u00edm\u2013\u0111en xung quanh m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n; c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1eadm c\u00e0ng m\u1ea5t Cr2O3, nguy c\u01a1 \u0103n m\u00f2n k\u1ebd h\u1ea1t.<br \/>\nNguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n:<br \/>\n&#8211; B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7; nhi\u1ec7t cao, l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i ch\u1eadm; interpass qu\u00e1 n\u00f3ng.<br \/>\nPh\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh\/x\u1eed l\u00fd:<br \/>\n&#8211; T\u0103ng l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 che ch\u1eafn kh\u00ed; d\u00f9ng t\u1ea5m che\/trailing shield; gi\u1eef interpass \u2264150\u00b0C.<br \/>\n&#8211; L\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch sau h\u00e0n: pickling + passivation theo ASTM A380\/A967 ho\u1eb7c d\u00f9ng gel\/citric; r\u1eeda trung h\u00f2a v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"9_Oxy_hoa_mat_sau_sugaring\"><\/span>9) Oxy h\u00f3a m\u1eb7t sau (sugaring)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft:<br \/>\n&#8211; M\u1eb7t sau m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n x\u00f9 x\u00ec nh\u01b0 \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1t\u201d, gi\u00f2n, d\u1ec5 \u0103n m\u00f2n v\u00e0 n\u1ee9t.<br \/>\nNguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n:<br \/>\n&#8211; Kh\u00f4ng back purge ho\u1eb7c O2 c\u00f2n cao; r\u00f2 r\u1ec9\/tho\u00e1t kh\u00ed; t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00e0n qu\u00e1 nhanh so v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng purge.<br \/>\nPh\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh\/x\u1eed l\u00fd:<br \/>\n&#8211; B\u1ecbt k\u00edn, c\u1ea5p Ar\/Ar+N2 cho \u1ed1ng; \u0111o O2 purge, ch\u1ec9 h\u00e0n khi O2 <50\u2013100 ppm v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u1eaft khe.\n- Duy tr\u00ec purge trong su\u1ed1t pass g\u1ed1c; d\u00f9ng dams, purge tape ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t.\n\n\n\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"10_Bien_dang_cong_venh\"><\/span>10) Bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng, cong v\u00eanh<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft:<br \/>\n&#8211; T\u1ea5m\/khung b\u1ecb v\u00eanh, xo\u1eafn; khe h\u1edf l\u1eafp r\u00e1p sai sau h\u00e0n.<br \/>\nNguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n:<br \/>\n&#8211; Co ng\u00f3t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng do nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o l\u1edbn, chu\u1ed7i h\u00e0n d\u00e0i, k\u1eb9p gi\u1eef k\u00e9m.<br \/>\nPh\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh\/x\u1eed l\u00fd:<br \/>\n&#8211; Quy ho\u1ea1ch th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0n: back-step, skip, \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng; t\u0103ng tack (150\u2013200 mm) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 g\u00e1 c\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng.<br \/>\n&#8211; D\u00f9ng t\u1ea5m t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t, backing \u0111\u1ed3ng; chia nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0n nh\u1ecf, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-2-thong-so-va-thuc-hanh-khuyen-nghi-nhanh\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Thong_so_va_thuc_hanh_khuyen_nghi_nhanh\"><\/span>Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb nhanh<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o (kJ\/mm) \u2248 V x I x 60 x \u03b7 \/ (1000 x t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 mm\/ph\u00fat). Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t tham kh\u1ea3o: GTAW 0.6; GMAW 0.8; SMAW 0.75.<br \/>\n&#8211; TIG (GTAW) inox t\u1ea5m 1\u20133 mm: \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c 1.6\u20132.4 mm, DCEN, 35\u2013120 A t\u00f9y chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0y; Argon 99.99% 8\u201312 L\/ph\u00fat; ch\u1ee5p #8\u2013#12, gas lens; \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ecf, h\u1ed3 quang ng\u1eafn.<br \/>\n&#8211; MIG (GMAW) inox: d\u00e2y 0.8\u20131.0 mm ER308L\/316L; ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 xung ho\u1eb7c spray; kh\u00ed Ar 98% + O2 2% ho\u1eb7c Ar 97.5% + CO2 2.5% (tham kh\u1ea3o khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t d\u00e2y\/kh\u00ed); l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 15\u201320 L\/ph\u00fat; stick-out 10\u201315 mm.<br \/>\n&#8211; SMAW: E308L-16\/E316L-17; s\u1ea5y que theo TDS; l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch x\u1ec9 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp.<br \/>\n&#8211; Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t: m\u00e0i c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc, t\u1ea9y d\u1ea7u; d\u00f9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 chuy\u00ean inox; kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 chung v\u1edbi th\u00e9p carbon.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u: ch\u1ecdn que\/d\u00e2y h\u00e0n \u201cL grade\u201d cho 304\/316; m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n d\u1ecb v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u1edbi th\u00e9p carbon d\u00f9ng ER309L.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-3-kiem-soat-chat-luong-va-tieu-chuan-ap-dung\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kiem_soat_chat_luong_va_tieu_chuan_ap_dung\"><\/span>Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0n: ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t WPS\/PQR theo AWS D1.6 ho\u1eb7c ISO 15614; x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn kh\u00ed, d\u00e2y\/que, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00fang m\u00e1c.<br \/>\n&#8211; Trong h\u00e0n: gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t interpass b\u1eb1ng b\u00fat nhi\u1ec7t; \u0111o O2 trong purge cho \u1ed1ng\/b\u1ed3n; ghi ch\u00e9p tham s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<br \/>\n&#8211; Sau h\u00e0n:<br \/>\n  &#8211; Ki\u1ec3m tra tr\u1ef1c quan VT theo ISO 17637, so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi ISO 5817 (m\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng B\/C t\u00f9y \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng).<br \/>\n  &#8211; Th\u1ea5m m\u00e0u PT ISO 3452 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u1ee9t\/r\u1ed7 m\u1edf mi\u1ec7ng.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Ch\u1ee5p X-quang\/si\u00eau \u00e2m cho m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n quan tr\u1ecdng theo ISO 17636\/17640.<br \/>\n  &#8211; L\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch, pickling v\u00e0 passivation theo ASTM A380\/A967; th\u1eed mu\u1ed1i\/ki\u1ec3m tra g\u1ec9 n\u00e2u khi c\u1ea7n.<br \/>\n&#8211; H\u1ed3 s\u01a1: l\u01b0u k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 NDT, ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u\/kh\u00ed, phi\u1ebfu s\u1ea5y que v\u00e0 nh\u1eadt k\u00fd h\u00e0n.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-4-cac-cau-hoi-ky-thuat-nhanh\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cac_cau_hoi_ky_thuat_nhanh\"><\/span>C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhanh<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Heat tint c\u00f3 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed l\u00fd? C\u00f3. V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0u \u0111\u1eadm l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m l\u1edbp th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u0103ng nguy c\u01a1 \u0103n m\u00f2n k\u1ebd h\u1ea1t; n\u00ean pickling + passivation, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m\/h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t.<br \/>\n&#8211; M\u1ee9c O2 purge bao nhi\u00eau l\u00e0 an to\u00e0n? \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u1eaft khe (th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, d\u01b0\u1ee3c, kh\u00ed s\u1ea1ch): <50 ppm; th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng: <100 ppm.\n- Ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u00e0n th\u1ebf n\u00e0o cho 304 v\u00e0 316? 304 d\u00f9ng ER308L; 316 d\u00f9ng ER316L; h\u00e0n 304 v\u1edbi th\u00e9p carbon d\u00f9ng ER309L \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec7m h\u1ee3p kim.\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"toc-5-nguon-tham-khao\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nguon_tham_khao\"><\/span>Ngu\u1ed3n tham kh\u1ea3o<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; AWS D1.6\/D1.6M: Structural Welding Code \u2013 Stainless Steel. American Welding Society. https:\/\/pubs.aws.org<br \/>\n&#8211; ISO 5817: Welding \u2013 Fusion-welded joints in steel, nickel, titanium \u2013 Quality levels. https:\/\/www.iso.org<br \/>\n&#8211; TWI (The Welding Institute): Stainless steel welding guides and defects. https:\/\/www.twi-global.com<br \/>\n&#8211; Lincoln Electric Knowledge Center \u2013 Stainless Steel Welding. https:\/\/www.lincolnelectric.com<br \/>\n&#8211; ASTM A380\/A967: Cleaning, Descaling, and Passivation of Stainless Steel. https:\/\/www.astm.org<br \/>\n&#8211; Miller\/ESAB Application Notes on Stainless GMAW\/GTAW shielding gases and parameters.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-6-ket-luan\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ket_luan\"><\/span>K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf 10 l\u1ed7i h\u00e0n inox l\u00e0: ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 interpass, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 hai m\u1eb7t, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u00e0n. Th\u1ef1c thi WPS, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t purge, v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh\u2013passivation sau h\u00e0n s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh r\u1ee7i ro r\u1ed7 kh\u00ed, n\u1ee9t n\u00f3ng, l\u1eb9m c\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 oxy h\u00f3a. \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt quy tr\u00ecnh theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n (AWS\/ISO\/ASTM) gi\u00fap m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n inox \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n, th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n<p>C\u1ea7n t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 cho m\u00e1c th\u00e9p v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0y c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 d\u00e2y\/que, kh\u00ed v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n h\u00e0n inox? Li\u00ean h\u1ec7 Inox C\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn gi\u00e1 t\u1ed1t:<br \/>\n&#8211; Hotline: 0343.417.281<br \/>\n&#8211; Email: inoxcongnghiep.cuongthinh@gmail.com<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft 10 l\u1ed7i h\u00e0n inox ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn (r\u1ed7 kh\u00ed, n\u1ee9t, l\u1eb9m c\u1ea1nh\u2026). Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n b\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb9p.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":1005,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2302","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tin-tuc"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2302","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2302"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2302\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/media\/1005"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2302"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2302"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2302"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}