{"id":2414,"date":"2026-08-07T12:33:34","date_gmt":"2026-08-07T05:33:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/phan-biet-inox-qua-tia-lua-mai-huong-dan-thuc-hanh-tai-xuong\/"},"modified":"2026-08-07T12:33:34","modified_gmt":"2026-08-07T05:33:34","slug":"phan-biet-inox-qua-tia-lua-mai-huong-dan-thuc-hanh-tai-xuong","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/phan-biet-inox-qua-tia-lua-mai-huong-dan-thuc-hanh-tai-xuong\/","title":{"rendered":"Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t inox qua tia l\u1eeda m\u00e0i: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i x\u01b0\u1edfng"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n<div class=\"kk-star-ratings kksr-auto kksr-align-left kksr-valign-top\"\n    data-payload='{&quot;align&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;2414&quot;,&quot;slug&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;valign&quot;:&quot;top&quot;,&quot;ignore&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;reference&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;count&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;legendonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;readonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;score&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;starsonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;best&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;gap&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;greet&quot;:&quot;\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1&quot;,&quot;legend&quot;:&quot;0\\\/5 - (0 b\u00ecnh ch\u1ecdn)&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;24&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t inox qua tia l\u1eeda m\u00e0i: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i x\u01b0\u1edfng&quot;,&quot;width&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;_legend&quot;:&quot;{score}\\\/{best} - ({count} {votes})&quot;,&quot;font_factor&quot;:&quot;1.25&quot;}'>\n            \n<div class=\"kksr-stars\">\n    \n<div 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class=\"kksr-stars-active\" style=\"width: 0px;\">\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                \n\n<div class=\"kksr-legend\" style=\"font-size: 19.2px;\">\n            <span class=\"kksr-muted\">\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span>\n    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"custom-toc\">\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/phan-biet-inox-qua-tia-lua-mai-huong-dan-thuc-hanh-tai-xuong\/#Noi_dung_chinh\" >N\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/phan-biet-inox-qua-tia-lua-mai-huong-dan-thuc-hanh-tai-xuong\/#Nguyen_ly_nhan_dang_inox_bang_tia_lua_mai\" >Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng inox b\u1eb1ng tia l\u1eeda m\u00e0i<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/phan-biet-inox-qua-tia-lua-mai-huong-dan-thuc-hanh-tai-xuong\/#Yeu_to_anh_huong_den_ket_qua\" >Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/phan-biet-inox-qua-tia-lua-mai-huong-dan-thuc-hanh-tai-xuong\/#Dung_cu_an_toan_va_quy_trinh_chuan_hoa\" >D\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5, an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/phan-biet-inox-qua-tia-lua-mai-huong-dan-thuc-hanh-tai-xuong\/#Dac_trung_tia_lua_theo_nhom_inox_pho_bien\" >\u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng tia l\u1eeda theo nh\u00f3m inox ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/phan-biet-inox-qua-tia-lua-mai-huong-dan-thuc-hanh-tai-xuong\/#Austenitic_300_series_304304L_316316L\" >Austenitic 300 series (304\/304L, 316\/316L)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/phan-biet-inox-qua-tia-lua-mai-huong-dan-thuc-hanh-tai-xuong\/#Austenitic_Mn_200_series_201202\" >Austenitic Mn (200 series: 201\/202)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/phan-biet-inox-qua-tia-lua-mai-huong-dan-thuc-hanh-tai-xuong\/#Ferritic_400_series_thap_C_430409439\" >Ferritic 400 series th\u1ea5p C (430\/409\/439)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/phan-biet-inox-qua-tia-lua-mai-huong-dan-thuc-hanh-tai-xuong\/#Martensitic_400_series_410420431\" >Martensitic 400 series (410\/420\/431)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/phan-biet-inox-qua-tia-lua-mai-huong-dan-thuc-hanh-tai-xuong\/#Duplex_22052304\" >Duplex (2205\/2304)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/phan-biet-inox-qua-tia-lua-mai-huong-dan-thuc-hanh-tai-xuong\/#Doi_chieu_tham_khao_thep_carbon_de_lam_%E2%80%9Cchuan%E2%80%9D_trong_xuong\" >\u0110\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu tham kh\u1ea3o: th\u00e9p carbon (\u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u201cchu\u1ea9n\u201d trong x\u01b0\u1edfng)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/phan-biet-inox-qua-tia-lua-mai-huong-dan-thuc-hanh-tai-xuong\/#Quy_trinh_5_buoc_phan_biet_nhanh_tai_xuong\" >Quy tr\u00ecnh 5 b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t nhanh t\u1ea1i x\u01b0\u1edfng<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/phan-biet-inox-qua-tia-lua-mai-huong-dan-thuc-hanh-tai-xuong\/#Han_che_va_sai_so_thuong_gap\" >H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 sai s\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/phan-biet-inox-qua-tia-lua-mai-huong-dan-thuc-hanh-tai-xuong\/#Ket_hop_voi_kiem_dinh_khac_de_chac_chan\" >K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/phan-biet-inox-qua-tia-lua-mai-huong-dan-thuc-hanh-tai-xuong\/#Tinh_huong_thuc_te_va_cach_xu_ly\" >T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/phan-biet-inox-qua-tia-lua-mai-huong-dan-thuc-hanh-tai-xuong\/#Checklist_ghi_nhanh_cho_tho\" >Checklist ghi nhanh cho th\u1ee3<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/phan-biet-inox-qua-tia-lua-mai-huong-dan-thuc-hanh-tai-xuong\/#Ket_luan\" >K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Noi_dung_chinh\"><\/span>N\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-0-nguyen-ly-nhan-dang-inox-bang-tia-lua-mai\">Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng inox b\u1eb1ng tia l\u1eeda m\u00e0i<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-1-dung-cu-an-toan-va-quy-trinh-chuan-hoa\">D\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5, an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-2-dac-trung-tia-lua-theo-nhom-inox-pho-bien\">\u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng tia l\u1eeda theo nh\u00f3m inox ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-3-quy-trinh-5-buoc-phan-biet-nhanh-tai-xuong\">Quy tr\u00ecnh 5 b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t nhanh t\u1ea1i x\u01b0\u1edfng<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-4-han-che-va-sai-so-thuong-gap\">H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 sai s\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-5-ket-hop-voi-kiem-dinh-khac-de-chac-chan\">K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-6-tinh-huong-thuc-te-va-cach-xu-ly\">T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-7-checklist-ghi-nhanh-cho-tho\">Checklist ghi nhanh cho th\u1ee3<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-8-ket-luan\">K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i inox b\u1eb1ng tia l\u1eeda m\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1eb9o ki\u1ec3m tra nhanh, chi ph\u00ed g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng 0 v\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00edch khi b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u1ea1i x\u01b0\u1edfng. Trong b\u1ee9c tranh l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng inox, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea1n tri\u1ec3n khai th\u1eed h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c PMI. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh chi ti\u1ebft, \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng tia l\u1eeda theo t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m inox ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam (201\/304\/316\/430\/410\/420\/duplex) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh sai s\u1ed1.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-0-nguyen-ly-nhan-dang-inox-bang-tia-lua-mai\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nguyen_ly_nhan_dang_inox_bang_tia_lua_mai\"><\/span>Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng inox b\u1eb1ng tia l\u1eeda m\u00e0i<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Tia l\u1eeda m\u00e0i sinh ra khi h\u1ea1t kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y b\u1ecb b\u1ee9t kh\u1ecfi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ma s\u00e1t, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u00f4xy h\u00f3a nhanh t\u1ea1o qu\u1ea7ng s\u00e1ng.<br \/>\n&#8211; H\u00ecnh th\u00e1i tia l\u1eeda ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng carbon v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 Mn, Si, Cr, Ni, Mo.<br \/>\n&#8211; Quy t\u1eafc n\u1ec1n: th\u00e9p c\u00f3 C c\u00e0ng cao \u2192 tia d\u00e0i, s\u00e1ng, nhi\u1ec1u \u201cb\u00f4ng n\u1ed5\u201d (burst). Inox n\u00f3i chung c\u00f3 C th\u1ea5p \u2192 tia ng\u1eafn, \u00edt ch\u00f9m ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh, \u00edt ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 burst. Martensitic 4xx c\u00f3 C cao h\u01a1n n\u00ean b\u00f4ng n\u1ed5 r\u00f5 h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi austenitic\/ferritic.<\/p>\n<p>[Ngu\u1ed3n tham kh\u1ea3o t\u1ed5ng quan: ASM Handbook \u2013 Metallography and Microstructures; The Fabricator \u2013 Using spark testing to identify steels; Wikipedia \u2013 Spark testing]<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Yeu_to_anh_huong_den_ket_qua\"><\/span>Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; \u0110\u00e1 m\u00e0i: d\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e1 nh\u00f4m oxit 36\u201360 grit cho th\u00e9p\/inox; \u0111\u00e1 c\u0169, \u201cng\u1ecdt\u201d qu\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ea9n l\u00e0m tia y\u1ebfu \u0111i. N\u00ean d\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e1\/m\u00e1y ri\u00eang cho inox \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh nhi\u1ec5m Fe.<br \/>\n&#8211; T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c m\u00e0i: ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1eabu. L\u1ef1c qu\u00e1 nh\u1eb9 l\u00e0m tia ng\u1eafn m\u1edd; qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea1o tia l\u1eabn t\u1ea1p, d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u sai.<br \/>\n&#8211; B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u: b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t g\u1ec9\/d\u1ea7u, l\u1edbp t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng, bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee9ng ngu\u1ed9i\u2026 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i tia. N\u00ean t\u1ea1o b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ea1ch m\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1eed.<br \/>\n&#8211; N\u1ec1n quan s\u00e1t: ph\u00f4ng t\u1ed1i, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng x\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00fap th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 m\u00e0u v\u00e0 \u201cb\u00f4ng n\u1ed5\u201d.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-1-dung-cu-an-toan-va-quy-trinh-chuan-hoa\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dung_cu_an_toan_va_quy_trinh_chuan_hoa\"><\/span>D\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5, an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; D\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5:<br \/>\n  &#8211; M\u00e1y m\u00e0i b\u00e0n (2.800\u20133.600 rpm) ho\u1eb7c m\u00e1y m\u00e0i c\u1ea7m tay \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<br \/>\n  &#8211; \u0110\u00e1 nh\u00f4m oxit 36\u201360 grit d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho inox.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Ph\u00f4ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ed1i, nam ch\u00e2m v\u0129nh c\u1eedu, th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eb7p\/tem b\u00fat ghi ch\u00fa.<br \/>\n  &#8211; B\u1ed9 th\u1eed nhanh Nickel (DMG) v\u00e0 Molybdenum (MolyDrop) n\u1ebfu c\u00f3.<br \/>\n  &#8211; PPE: k\u00ednh che m\u1eb7t, g\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu c\u1eaft, kh\u1ea9u trang ch\u1ed1ng b\u1ee5i m\u1ecbn, \u00e1o b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9.<br \/>\n&#8211; Quy tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a 3 ph\u00fat:<br \/>\n  1) L\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u1eabu (m\u00e0i ph\u00e1 nh\u1eb9, b\u1ecf l\u1edbp s\u01a1n\/d\u1ea7u\/g\u1ec9).<br \/>\n  2) Ki\u1ec3m tra nhanh b\u1eb1ng nam ch\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m t\u1eeb t\u00ednh.<br \/>\n  3) M\u00e0i th\u1eed m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft m\u00e1c l\u00e0m \u201cchu\u1ea9n so s\u00e1nh\u201d (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u00e9p C45 v\u00e0 inox 304).<br \/>\n  4) Gi\u1eef l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 g\u00f3c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh trong c\u00e1c l\u1ea7n quan s\u00e1t.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-2-dac-trung-tia-lua-theo-nhom-inox-pho-bien\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dac_trung_tia_lua_theo_nhom_inox_pho_bien\"><\/span>\u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng tia l\u1eeda theo nh\u00f3m inox ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>L\u01b0u \u00fd: m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u00e0i ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n; lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi m\u1eabu chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0, khi c\u1ea7n, th\u1eed h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc\/PMI \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Austenitic_300_series_304304L_316316L\"><\/span>Austenitic 300 series (304\/304L, 316\/316L)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; T\u1eeb t\u00ednh: h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng h\u00fat nam ch\u00e2m (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1i h\u00fat t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee9ng ngu\u1ed9i).<br \/>\n&#8211; Tia l\u1eeda: c\u1ef1c \u00edt, ng\u1eafn, m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf cam m\u1edd; h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u201cb\u00f4ng n\u1ed5\u201d.<br \/>\n&#8211; 316\/316L th\u01b0\u1eddng cho d\u00f2ng tia \u201cy\u1ebfu\u201d h\u01a1n 304 do Mo, Ni cao; kh\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t 304\u2013316 ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng tia l\u1eeda.<br \/>\n&#8211; Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nhanh: \u00edt tia, kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng\/\u00edt t\u1eeb t\u00ednh \u2192 nghi 304\/316. D\u00f9ng MolyDrop \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t 316 (c\u00f3 Mo) v\u1edbi 304.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Austenitic_Mn_200_series_201202\"><\/span>Austenitic Mn (200 series: 201\/202)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; T\u1eeb t\u00ednh: th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb t\u00ednh, nh\u01b0ng sau c\u00e1n ngu\u1ed9i\/\u0111\u1ed9t d\u1eadp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1i h\u00fat nam ch\u00e2m.<br \/>\n&#8211; Tia l\u1eeda: r\u1ea5t \u00edt, ng\u1eafn, \u0111\u1ecf cam; \u0111\u00f4i khi d\u00e0y h\u01a1n 304 ch\u00fat do Mn\/Si nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00f4ng n\u1ed5 r\u00f5.<br \/>\n&#8211; Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nhanh: kh\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t 201\u2013304 b\u1eb1ng tia l\u1eeda. D\u00f9ng th\u1eed Ni (DMG) \u2013 201 c\u00f3 Ni th\u1ea5p (~3.5\u20135.5%), 304 c\u00f3 Ni ~8\u201310.5%.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ferritic_400_series_thap_C_430409439\"><\/span>Ferritic 400 series th\u1ea5p C (430\/409\/439)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; T\u1eeb t\u00ednh: h\u00fat nam ch\u00e2m m\u1ea1nh.<br \/>\n&#8211; Tia l\u1eeda: \u00edt \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t \u00edt, ng\u1eafn, \u0111\u1ecf cam m\u1edd; h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5 (C r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p).<br \/>\n&#8211; 409\/439 d\u00f9ng cho \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3, h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i tia t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 430, kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f3 nh\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0i.<br \/>\n&#8211; Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nhanh: h\u00fat nam ch\u00e2m m\u1ea1nh + r\u1ea5t \u00edt tia, kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5 \u2192 nghi 430\/409\/439.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Martensitic_400_series_410420431\"><\/span>Martensitic 400 series (410\/420\/431)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; T\u1eeb t\u00ednh: h\u00fat nam ch\u00e2m m\u1ea1nh.<br \/>\n&#8211; Tia l\u1eeda: d\u00e0i h\u01a1n, s\u00e1ng h\u01a1n, chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0ng cam; xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n b\u00f4ng n\u1ed5\/nh\u00e1nh nh\u1ecf r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t nh\u1edd C cao h\u01a1n.<br \/>\n  &#8211; 410 (C ~0.15): b\u00f4ng n\u1ed5 v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i.<br \/>\n  &#8211; 420 (C ~0.3\u20130.4): b\u00f4ng n\u1ed5 d\u00e0y, tia d\u00e0i, s\u00e1ng v\u00e0ng h\u01a1n; c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u201cs\u00f4i\u201d h\u01a1n 410.<br \/>\n  &#8211; 431 (Ni ~2%): tia v\u1eabn s\u00e1ng v\u1edbi b\u00f4ng n\u1ed5, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201cm\u1ecbn\u201d h\u01a1n 420.<br \/>\n&#8211; Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nhanh: h\u00fat nam ch\u00e2m + tia v\u00e0ng s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 b\u00f4ng n\u1ed5 \u2192 martensitic (410\/420\/431).<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Duplex_22052304\"><\/span>Duplex (2205\/2304)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; T\u1eeb t\u00ednh: h\u00fat nam ch\u00e2m (m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n 300 series).<br \/>\n&#8211; Tia l\u1eeda: s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng trung b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa ferritic v\u00e0 austenitic; ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecf cam, hi\u1ebfm khi c\u00f3 b\u00f4ng n\u1ed5 r\u00f5.<br \/>\n&#8211; Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nhanh: h\u00fat nam ch\u00e2m + tia trung b\u00ecnh, \u00edt n\u1ed5, c\u01a1 t\u00ednh cao \u2192 nghi duplex; c\u1ea7n PMI\/ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Doi_chieu_tham_khao_thep_carbon_de_lam_%E2%80%9Cchuan%E2%80%9D_trong_xuong\"><\/span>\u0110\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu tham kh\u1ea3o: th\u00e9p carbon (\u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u201cchu\u1ea9n\u201d trong x\u01b0\u1edfng)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; T\u1eeb t\u00ednh: h\u00fat m\u1ea1nh.<br \/>\n&#8211; Tia l\u1eeda: d\u00e0i, s\u00e1ng v\u00e0ng, b\u00f4ng n\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u00e1nh d\u00e0y \u2013 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 so v\u1edbi inox austenitic\/ferritic.<\/p>\n<p>[Ngu\u1ed3n b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3: ASM Handbook; The Welding Institute (TWI) \u2013 spark testing guidance; ASTM A240\/A240M v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1ea5m\/l\u00e1 inox]<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-3-quy-trinh-5-buoc-phan-biet-nhanh-tai-xuong\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Quy_trinh_5_buoc_phan_biet_nhanh_tai_xuong\"><\/span>Quy tr\u00ecnh 5 b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t nhanh t\u1ea1i x\u01b0\u1edfng<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>1) Nam ch\u00e2m ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m:<br \/>\n&#8211; Kh\u00f4ng\/\u00edt t\u1eeb t\u00ednh \u2192 austenitic (201\/304\/316) ho\u1eb7c duplex b\u1ecb h\u00f3a b\u1ec1n r\u1ea5t nh\u1eb9.<br \/>\n&#8211; T\u1eeb t\u00ednh m\u1ea1nh \u2192 ferritic (430\/409\/439) ho\u1eb7c martensitic (410\/420\/431) ho\u1eb7c duplex.<br \/>\n2) M\u00e0i ph\u00e1t tia l\u1eeda tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ea1ch, c\u00f9ng l\u1ef1c\/g\u00f3c v\u1edbi m\u1eabu chu\u1ea9n.<br \/>\n3) Quan s\u00e1t 4 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1: s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tia, chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i, m\u00e0u (\u0111\u1ecf cam vs v\u00e0ng), m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u201cb\u00f4ng n\u1ed5\/nh\u00e1nh\u201d.<br \/>\n4) So s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh \u1edf tr\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1eabu chu\u1ea9n trong x\u01b0\u1edfng (C45 cho th\u00e9p carbon, 304 cho inox austenitic).<br \/>\n5) K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn theo nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn nhanh:<br \/>\n&#8211; Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t 304\u2013316: d\u00f9ng thu\u1ed1c th\u1eed Mo (MolyDrop) \u2013 316 cho ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ednh.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t 201\u2013304: d\u00f9ng th\u1eed Ni (DMG) \u2013 304 c\u00f3 Ni cao cho m\u00e0u h\u1ed3ng r\u00f5; ho\u1eb7c d\u00f9ng PMI\/XRF.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ferritic\u2013martensitic: quan s\u00e1t b\u00f4ng n\u1ed5 (martensitic c\u00f3), k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng (martensitic th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee9ng h\u01a1n sau t\u00f4i).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-4-han-che-va-sai-so-thuong-gap\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Han_che_va_sai_so_thuong_gap\"><\/span>H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 sai s\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Tia l\u1eeda m\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u00e1c, ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m; c\u00e1c m\u00e1c g\u1ea7n nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i na n\u00e1.<br \/>\n&#8211; Bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee9ng ngu\u1ed9i l\u00e0m austenitic h\u01a1i h\u00fat nam ch\u00e2m \u2192 d\u1ec5 nh\u1ea7m v\u1edbi ferritic\/duplex n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nam ch\u00e2m.<br \/>\n&#8211; L\u1edbp ph\u1ee7, g\u1ec9, d\u1ea7u, x\u1ec9 h\u00e0n\u2026 l\u00e0m sai l\u1ec7ch m\u00e0u\/\u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng tia. Lu\u00f4n m\u00e0i s\u1ea1ch tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1eed.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u0110\u00e1 m\u00e0i nhi\u1ec5m Fe t\u1eeb th\u00e9p carbon l\u00e0m tia \u201cgi\u1ea3 s\u00e1ng\u201d. D\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e1 ri\u00eang cho inox.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1nh l\u00e0m kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y b\u00f4ng n\u1ed5; n\u00ean quan s\u00e1t \u1edf v\u00f9ng t\u1ed1i an to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-5-ket-hop-voi-kiem-dinh-khac-de-chac-chan\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ket_hop_voi_kiem_dinh_khac_de_chac_chan\"><\/span>K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; PMI\/XRF c\u1ea7m tay: x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nhanh h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Cr, Ni, Mo, Mn, N (v\u1edbi XRF n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao), ch\u1ed1t m\u00e1c theo UNS\/AISI.<br \/>\n&#8211; Th\u1eed \u0111i\u1ec3m (spot test):<br \/>\n  &#8211; Nickel (DMG): nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft Ni cao (304\/316) so v\u1edbi 201.<br \/>\n  &#8211; MolyDrop: ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t 304 v\u00e0 316 b\u1eb1ng Mo.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u0110o \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng (Rockwell): ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t martensitic (c\u1ee9ng h\u01a1n khi t\u00f4i) v\u1edbi ferritic.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u0110o \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5m t\u1eeb (permeability) \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n tuy\u1ebfn austenitic vs ferritic\/duplex ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n nam ch\u00e2m tay.<\/p>\n<p>[Ngu\u1ed3n: ASTM A262 (th\u1eed \u0103n m\u00f2n \u2013 tham kh\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh), ASTM A240 (th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n\/ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m), t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00e3ng PMI\/XRF]<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-6-tinh-huong-thuc-te-va-cach-xu-ly\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tinh_huong_thuc_te_va_cach_xu_ly\"><\/span>T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng 1: T\u1ea5m kh\u00f4ng nh\u00e3n, nam ch\u00e2m g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng h\u00fat, tia r\u1ea5t \u00edt \u2013 \u0111\u1ecf cam, kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5 \u2192 austenitic (201\/304\/316). D\u00f9ng DMG: n\u1ebfu Ni th\u1ea5p \u2192 201; n\u1ebfu Ni cao \u2192 ti\u1ebfp MolyDrop \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch 304\/316.<br \/>\n&#8211; T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng 2: Tr\u1ee5c van c\u0169, nam ch\u00e2m h\u00fat m\u1ea1nh, tia v\u00e0ng s\u00e1ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u b\u00f4ng n\u1ed5 \u2192 martensitic. \u0110o \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng: cao \u2192 nghi 420; trung b\u00ecnh \u2192 nghi 410.<br \/>\n&#8211; T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng 3: \u1ed0ng x\u1ea3 \u00f4 t\u00f4, nam ch\u00e2m h\u00fat m\u1ea1nh, tia r\u1ea5t \u00edt \u2013 \u0111\u1ecf cam m\u1edd, kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5 \u2192 ferritic 409\/439.<br \/>\n&#8211; T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng 4: T\u1ea5m d\u00e0y, nam ch\u00e2m h\u00fat r\u00f5, tia trung b\u00ecnh, \u00edt n\u1ed5, c\u01a1 t\u00ednh cao khi gia c\u00f4ng \u2192 nghi duplex 2205; x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng PMI (Ni ~5\u20136%, Cr ~22%, Mo ~3%).<br \/>\n&#8211; T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng 5: Thanh h\u1ed9p \u201c304?\u201d nh\u01b0ng nam ch\u00e2m h\u01a1i d\u00ednh \u1edf m\u00e9p u\u1ed1n, tia r\u1ea5t \u00edt \u2192 304 b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee9ng ngu\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i m\u00e9p; kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea7m v\u1edbi 430 v\u00ec 430 s\u1ebd h\u00fat m\u1ea1nh kh\u1eafp m\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-7-checklist-ghi-nhanh-cho-tho\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Checklist_ghi_nhanh_cho_tho\"><\/span>Checklist ghi nhanh cho th\u1ee3<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Kh\u00f4ng\/\u00edt t\u1eeb t\u00ednh + tia r\u1ea5t \u00edt, kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5 \u2192 201\/304\/316 (d\u00f9ng DMG\/MolyDrop \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1t).<br \/>\n&#8211; T\u1eeb t\u00ednh m\u1ea1nh + tia r\u1ea5t \u00edt, kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5 \u2192 430\/409\/439 (ferritic).<br \/>\n&#8211; T\u1eeb t\u00ednh m\u1ea1nh + tia v\u00e0ng s\u00e1ng, c\u00f3 b\u00f4ng n\u1ed5 \u2192 410\/420\/431 (martensitic).<br \/>\n&#8211; T\u1eeb t\u00ednh m\u1ea1nh + tia trung b\u00ecnh, \u00edt n\u1ed5 \u2192 nghi duplex (2205\/2304) \u2192 c\u1ea7n PMI.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-8-ket-luan\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ket_luan\"><\/span>K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Tia l\u1eeda m\u00e0i l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc inox t\u1ea1i x\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh \u2013 r\u1ebb \u2013 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, gi\u00fap ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cao khi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nam ch\u00e2m v\u00e0 m\u1eabu chu\u1ea9n.<br \/>\n&#8211; C\u1ed1t l\u00f5i nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n:<br \/>\n  &#8211; Austenitic (201\/304\/316): tia r\u1ea5t \u00edt, kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5; ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t 201\u2013304 b\u1eb1ng th\u1eed Ni, 304\u2013316 b\u1eb1ng th\u1eed Mo.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Ferritic (430\/409\/439): h\u00fat nam ch\u00e2m m\u1ea1nh, tia r\u1ea5t \u00edt, kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Martensitic (410\/420\/431): h\u00fat m\u1ea1nh, tia v\u00e0ng s\u00e1ng, c\u00f3 b\u00f4ng n\u1ed5 (420 n\u1ed5 d\u00e0y h\u01a1n 410).<br \/>\n  &#8211; Duplex: h\u00fat m\u1ea1nh, tia trung b\u00ecnh, \u00edt n\u1ed5; x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng PMI.<br \/>\n&#8211; Lu\u00f4n chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u00e0i, l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0, khi c\u1ea7n, d\u00f9ng th\u1eed h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c PMI \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1t m\u00e1c. <\/p>\n<p>C\u1ea7n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u1eabu chu\u1ea9n, thu\u1ed1c th\u1eed ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 inox 201\/304\/316\/430\/410 \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n ASTM A240? Li\u00ean h\u1ec7 Inox C\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 t\u1ed1t:<br \/>\n&#8211; Hotline: 0343.417.281<br \/>\n&#8211; Email: inoxcongnghiep.cuongthinh@gmail.com<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n 201\/304\/316\/430\/410 b\u1eb1ng tia l\u1eeda m\u00e0i: quy tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n, d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng, sai s\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p th\u1eed Ni\/Mo \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":1032,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2414","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tin-tuc"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2414","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2414"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2414\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/media\/1032"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2414"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2414"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2414"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}