{"id":2500,"date":"2026-08-28T00:34:07","date_gmt":"2026-08-27T17:34:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/lich-su-thep-khong-gi-tu-phat-minh-1913-den-ky-nguyen-inox-ben-vung\/"},"modified":"2026-08-28T00:34:07","modified_gmt":"2026-08-27T17:34:07","slug":"lich-su-thep-khong-gi-tu-phat-minh-1913-den-ky-nguyen-inox-ben-vung","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/lich-su-thep-khong-gi-tu-phat-minh-1913-den-ky-nguyen-inox-ben-vung\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9: t\u1eeb ph\u00e1t minh 1913 \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean inox b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n<div class=\"kk-star-ratings kksr-auto kksr-align-left kksr-valign-top\"\n    data-payload='{&quot;align&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;2500&quot;,&quot;slug&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;valign&quot;:&quot;top&quot;,&quot;ignore&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;reference&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;count&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;legendonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;readonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;score&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;starsonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;best&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;gap&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;greet&quot;:&quot;\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1&quot;,&quot;legend&quot;:&quot;0\\\/5 - (0 b\u00ecnh ch\u1ecdn)&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;24&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;L\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9: t\u1eeb ph\u00e1t minh 1913 \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean inox b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng&quot;,&quot;width&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;_legend&quot;:&quot;{score}\\\/{best} - ({count} {votes})&quot;,&quot;font_factor&quot;:&quot;1.25&quot;}'>\n            \n<div class=\"kksr-stars\">\n    \n<div 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class=\"kksr-stars-active\" style=\"width: 0px;\">\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                \n\n<div class=\"kksr-legend\" style=\"font-size: 19.2px;\">\n            <span class=\"kksr-muted\">\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/span>\n    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"custom-toc\">\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/lich-su-thep-khong-gi-tu-phat-minh-1913-den-ky-nguyen-inox-ben-vung\/#Noi_dung_chinh\" >N\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/lich-su-thep-khong-gi-tu-phat-minh-1913-den-ky-nguyen-inox-ben-vung\/#Nguon_goc_%E2%80%9Ckhong_gi%E2%80%9D_tu_phat_hien_den_nguyen_ly\" >Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u201ckh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9\u201d: t\u1eeb ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn nguy\u00ean l\u00fd<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/lich-su-thep-khong-gi-tu-phat-minh-1913-den-ky-nguyen-inox-ben-vung\/#Cac_dot_pha_dau_the_ky_20_hinh_hai_nhung_%E2%80%9Cgia_dinh_inox%E2%80%9D\" >C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20: h\u00ecnh h\u00e0i nh\u1eefng \u201cgia \u0111\u00ecnh inox\u201d<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/lich-su-thep-khong-gi-tu-phat-minh-1913-den-ky-nguyen-inox-ben-vung\/#1913_Harry_Brearley_va_thep_khong_gi_mactenxit\" >1913: Harry Brearley v\u00e0 th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 mactenxit<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/lich-su-thep-khong-gi-tu-phat-minh-1913-den-ky-nguyen-inox-ben-vung\/#1912%E2%80%931914_Duc_va_Phap_mo_duong_cho_austenit_va_ferit\" >1912\u20131914: \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho austenit v\u00e0 ferit<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/lich-su-thep-khong-gi-tu-phat-minh-1913-den-ky-nguyen-inox-ben-vung\/#1920%E2%80%931930_Chuan_hoa_188_them_Mo_va_xu_ly_van_de_han\" >1920\u20131930: Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a 18\/8, th\u00eam Mo v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0n<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/lich-su-thep-khong-gi-tu-phat-minh-1913-den-ky-nguyen-inox-ben-vung\/#Bieu_tuong_ung_dung_som\" >Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng s\u1edbm<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/lich-su-thep-khong-gi-tu-phat-minh-1913-den-ky-nguyen-inox-ben-vung\/#1940%E2%80%931980_Thep_khong_gi_buoc_vao_ky_nguyen_cong_nghiep_nang\" >1940\u20131980: Th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/lich-su-thep-khong-gi-tu-phat-minh-1913-den-ky-nguyen-inox-ben-vung\/#1980%E2%80%93nay_Vat_lieu_toi_uu_hoa_theo_ung_dung\" >1980\u2013nay: V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u1ed1i \u01b0u ho\u00e1 theo \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/lich-su-thep-khong-gi-tu-phat-minh-1913-den-ky-nguyen-inox-ben-vung\/#Tai_sao_inox_%E2%80%9Clam_thay_doi_the_gioi%E2%80%9D\" >T\u1ea1i sao inox \u201cl\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/lich-su-thep-khong-gi-tu-phat-minh-1913-den-ky-nguyen-inox-ben-vung\/#Nhung_moc_thoi_gian_quan_trong_tom_tat\" >Nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1c th\u1eddi gian quan tr\u1ecdng (t\u00f3m t\u1eaft)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/lich-su-thep-khong-gi-tu-phat-minh-1913-den-ky-nguyen-inox-ben-vung\/#Ap_dung_thuc_te_cho_dieu_kien_Viet_Nam\" >\u00c1p d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/lich-su-thep-khong-gi-tu-phat-minh-1913-den-ky-nguyen-inox-ben-vung\/#Nhung_hieu_lam_thuong_gap_va_cach_kiem_chung\" >Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/lich-su-thep-khong-gi-tu-phat-minh-1913-den-ky-nguyen-inox-ben-vung\/#Tieu_chuan_va_dinh_danh_mac_pho_bien\" >Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh danh m\u00e1c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/lich-su-thep-khong-gi-tu-phat-minh-1913-den-ky-nguyen-inox-ben-vung\/#Nguon_tham_khao_chon_loc\" >Ngu\u1ed3n tham kh\u1ea3o ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/lich-su-thep-khong-gi-tu-phat-minh-1913-den-ky-nguyen-inox-ben-vung\/#Ket_luan_Phat_minh_thay_doi_nganh_vat_lieu_%E2%80%93_va_cach_khai_thac_loi_the\" >K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: Ph\u00e1t minh thay \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u2013 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch khai th\u00e1c l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Noi_dung_chinh\"><\/span>N\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-0-nguon-goc-khong-gi-tu-phat-hien-den-nguyen-ly\">Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u201ckh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9\u201d: t\u1eeb ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn nguy\u00ean l\u00fd<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-1-cac-dot-pha-dau-the-ky-20-hinh-hai-nhung-gia-dinh-\">C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20: h\u00ecnh h\u00e0i nh\u1eefng \u201cgia \u0111\u00ecnh inox\u201d<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-2-19401980-thep-khong-gi-buoc-vao-ky-nguyen-cong-ngh\">1940\u20131980: Th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-3-1980nay-vat-lieu-toi-uu-hoa-theo-ung-dung\">1980\u2013nay: V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u1ed1i \u01b0u ho\u00e1 theo \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-4-tai-sao-inox-lam-thay-doi-the-gioi\">T\u1ea1i sao inox \u201cl\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-5-nhung-moc-thoi-gian-quan-trong-tom-tat\">Nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1c th\u1eddi gian quan tr\u1ecdng (t\u00f3m t\u1eaft)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-6-ap-dung-thuc-te-cho-dieu-kien-viet-nam\">\u00c1p d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-7-nhung-hieu-lam-thuong-gap-va-cach-kiem-chung\">Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-8-tieu-chuan-va-dinh-danh-mac-pho-bien\">Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh danh m\u00e1c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-9-nguon-tham-khao-chon-loc\">Ngu\u1ed3n tham kh\u1ea3o ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-10-ket-luan-phat-minh-thay-doi-nganh-vat-lieu-va-cach\">K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: Ph\u00e1t minh thay \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u2013 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch khai th\u00e1c l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 (inox) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20\u201321. Hi\u1ec3u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a inox gi\u00fap k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 x\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eafm v\u1eefng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u201ckh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9\u201d, l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00e1c b\u1ec1n v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi\/bi\u1ec3n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1i \u01b0u chi ph\u00ed v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111i th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t minh, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 luy\u1ec7n kim v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u2013 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-0-nguon-goc-khong-gi-tu-phat-hien-den-nguyen-ly\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nguon_goc_%E2%80%9Ckhong_gi%E2%80%9D_tu_phat_hien_den_nguyen_ly\"><\/span>Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u201ckh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9\u201d: t\u1eeb ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn nguy\u00ean l\u00fd<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; 1821: Pierre Berthier (Ph\u00e1p) quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y h\u1ee3p kim s\u1eaft\u2013cr\u00f4m c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n trong axit v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t d\u00f9ng cho dao k\u00e9o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt luy\u1ec7n kim th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 tinh khi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e9p th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<br \/>\n&#8211; 1900\u20131910: C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Monnartz v\u00e0 Borchers t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Cr trong t\u1ea1o l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed1ng g\u1ec9, \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng khoa h\u1ecdc cho \u201c10,5% Cr t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u\u201d trong \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p>C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n:<br \/>\n&#8211; Khi h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Cr \u2265 kho\u1ea3ng 10,5%, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u00e9p t\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u00e0ng Cr2O3 si\u00eau m\u1ecfng, d\u00ednh ch\u1eb7t, t\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sinh khi b\u1ecb x\u01b0\u1edbc (passivation).<br \/>\n&#8211; Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p kim kh\u00e1c:<br \/>\n  &#8211; Ni \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c austenit, t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 dai.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Mo, N n\u00e2ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7\/\u0103n m\u00f2n k\u1ebd (pitting\/crevice), \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng clo\/bi\u1ec3n.<br \/>\n  &#8211; Ti, Nb \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh carbon, ng\u1eeba \u0103n m\u00f2n li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u1ea1t khi h\u00e0n (321, 347).<br \/>\n&#8211; Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 tham kh\u1ea3o: PREN \u2248 %Cr + 3,3\u00d7%Mo + 16\u00d7%N. PREN cao th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a b\u1ec1n \u0103n m\u00f2n \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ed7 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng clorua.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-1-cac-dot-pha-dau-the-ky-20-hinh-hai-nhung-gia-dinh-\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cac_dot_pha_dau_the_ky_20_hinh_hai_nhung_%E2%80%9Cgia_dinh_inox%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20: h\u00ecnh h\u00e0i nh\u1eefng \u201cgia \u0111\u00ecnh inox\u201d<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1913_Harry_Brearley_va_thep_khong_gi_mactenxit\"><\/span>1913: Harry Brearley v\u00e0 th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 mactenxit<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ed1ng m\u00e0i \u2013 x\u00f3i cho n\u00f2ng s\u00fang \u1edf Sheffield (Anh), Brearley n\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p kim kho\u1ea3ng 12\u201314% Cr, 0,2% C, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u00edt r\u1ec9. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean \u201crustless steel\u201d \u2013 kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00f3m mactenxit (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 410 \u2013 UNS S41000) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f4i \u2013 ram \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng cao cho dao k\u00e9o, tr\u1ee5c, turbine.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1912%E2%80%931914_Duc_va_Phap_mo_duong_cho_austenit_va_ferit\"><\/span>1912\u20131914: \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho austenit v\u00e0 ferit<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Benno Strauss v\u00e0 Eduard Maurer (Krupp, \u0110\u1ee9c) ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e9p Cr-Ni austenit (18\/8) \u2013 ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n 304\/304L, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo \u2013 dai v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i, h\u00e0n t\u1ed1t.<br \/>\n&#8211; Leon Guillet (Ph\u00e1p) h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n Fe\u2013Cr\u2013Ni v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 Ni trong b\u1ec1n \u0103n m\u00f2n axit.<br \/>\n&#8211; C\u00f9ng th\u1eddi, c\u00e1c m\u00e1c ferit (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu Cr, r\u1ea5t \u00edt C) nh\u01b0 430 (UNS S43000) h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh: t\u1eeb t\u00ednh, d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t, gi\u00e1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong nh\u00e0\/\u00edt clo.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1920%E2%80%931930_Chuan_hoa_188_them_Mo_va_xu_ly_van_de_han\"><\/span>1920\u20131930: Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a 18\/8, th\u00eam Mo v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0n<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; 18\/8 (kho\u1ea3ng 18% Cr \u2013 8% Ni) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i th\u00e0nh 304\/304L (UNS S30400\/S30403).<br \/>\n&#8211; B\u1ed5 sung 2\u20133% Mo t\u1ea1o 316\/316L (UNS S31600\/S31603) b\u1ec1n r\u1ed7 \u2013 k\u1ebd h\u01a1n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng clorua: ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cho th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u2013 d\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2013 bi\u1ec3n.<br \/>\n&#8211; Kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0103n m\u00f2n li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u1ea1t sau h\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng:<br \/>\n  &#8211; Gi\u1ea3m C (\u201cL\u201d grades \u22640,03% C).<br \/>\n  &#8211; \u1ed4n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng Ti\/Nb: 321 (S32100), 347 (S34700).<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bieu_tuong_ung_dung_som\"><\/span>Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng s\u1edbm<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; 1930: M\u0169i th\u00e1p Chrysler (New York) d\u00f9ng th\u00e9p austenit 18\/8 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng; \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn s\u00e1ng b\u00f3ng \u2013 minh ch\u1ee9ng tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a inox.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-2-19401980-thep-khong-gi-buoc-vao-ky-nguyen-cong-ngh\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1940%E2%80%931980_Thep_khong_gi_buoc_vao_ky_nguyen_cong_nghiep_nang\"><\/span>1940\u20131980: Th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Inox b\u1ec1n b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t: c\u00e1c m\u00e1c ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t 309\/310 cho l\u00f2 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ho\u00e1 d\u1ea7u.<br \/>\n&#8211; Th\u00e9p k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a ho\u00e1 b\u1ec1n (PH): 17-4PH (UNS S17400, t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1940) k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p b\u1ec1n c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc cao, ch\u1ed1ng g\u1ec9 t\u1ed1t cho h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng \u2013 khu\u00f4n \u2013 tr\u1ee5c.<br \/>\n&#8211; Duplex: xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm \u1edf B\u1eafc \u00c2u, nh\u01b0ng b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970 khi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t N v\u00e0 t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. 2205 (UNS S32205\/S31803) \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng b\u1ec1n \u0103n m\u00f2n \u2013 c\u01a1 t\u00ednh \u2013 h\u00e0n, thay th\u1ebf nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb tr\u00ed 316 \u1edf m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n\/d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed.<br \/>\n&#8211; C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 luy\u1ec7n kim then ch\u1ed1t:<br \/>\n  &#8211; AOD (Argon Oxygen Decarburization, cu\u1ed1i 1960s): kh\u1eed C s\u00e2u m\u00e0 gi\u1eef Cr, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t N \u2013 S ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c; gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng m\u00e1c.<br \/>\n  &#8211; VOD (Vacuum Oxygen Decarburization): cho m\u00e1c si\u00eau s\u1ea1ch, C th\u1ea5p.<br \/>\n  &#8211; \u0110\u00fac li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, tinh luy\u1ec7n ngo\u00e0i l\u00f2: n\u00e2ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-3-1980nay-vat-lieu-toi-uu-hoa-theo-ung-dung\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1980%E2%80%93nay_Vat_lieu_toi_uu_hoa_theo_ung_dung\"><\/span>1980\u2013nay: V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u1ed1i \u01b0u ho\u00e1 theo \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Super austenit (254SMO \u2013 UNS S31254) v\u00e0 super duplex (2507 \u2013 S32750): PREN r\u1ea5t cao cho n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n\/thu\u1ef7 tri\u1ec1u\/kh\u1eed m\u1eb7n.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ferrit c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn (441\/443\/444): gi\u1ea3m C+N, th\u00eam Mo\/Ti\/Nb \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0n v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n 430, c\u1ea1nh tranh 304 trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong nh\u00e0\/c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ven bi\u1ec3n m\u1ee9c nh\u1eb9.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ho\u00e1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u: AISI\/ASTM\/EN\/ISO v\u00e0 UNS gi\u00fap so s\u00e1nh m\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p; Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn d\u00f9ng ASTM\/EN.<\/p>\n<p>Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t: Theo ISSF, s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi 1 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea5n (1950) l\u00ean tr\u00ean 50 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea5n\/n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u2013 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nhu c\u1ea7u b\u1ec1n \u0103n m\u00f2n, v\u1ec7 sinh v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-4-tai-sao-inox-lam-thay-doi-the-gioi\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tai_sao_inox_%E2%80%9Clam_thay_doi_the_gioi%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>T\u1ea1i sao inox \u201cl\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; An to\u00e0n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 y t\u1ebf: 304\/316L t\u1ea1o b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u01a1, d\u1ec5 v\u1ec7 sinh cho b\u1ed3n, \u1ed1ng, b\u00e0n m\u1ed5, implant; gi\u1ea3m r\u1ee7i ro nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ea9n.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t \u2013 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng: 316L, 904L, duplex\/super duplex ch\u1ecbu clo\/axit; tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd cao gi\u1ea3m d\u1eebng m\u00e1y.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u2013 h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng: m\u1eb7t d\u1ef1ng, m\u00e1i, lan can inox b\u1ec1n th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft, \u00edt b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec; v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ga, c\u1ea7u b\u1ed9 h\u00e0nh ven bi\u1ec3n.<br \/>\n&#8211; Kinh t\u1ebf v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi: chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cao h\u01a1n th\u00e9p carbon s\u01a1n\/m\u1ea1, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi (LCC) th\u1ea5p nh\u1edd tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u.<br \/>\n&#8211; B\u1ec1n v\u1eefng: th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf cao (nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1t >80\u201390% ph\u1ebf li\u1ec7u trong chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng), k\u00e9o d\u00e0i tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-5-nhung-moc-thoi-gian-quan-trong-tom-tat\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nhung_moc_thoi_gian_quan_trong_tom_tat\"><\/span>Nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1c th\u1eddi gian quan tr\u1ecdng (t\u00f3m t\u1eaft)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; 1821: Berthier \u2013 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ee3p kim Fe\u2013Cr ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n.<br \/>\n&#8211; 1898: Goldschmidt \u2013 aluminothermic reduction, cung c\u1ea5p cr\u00f4m tinh khi\u1ebft h\u01a1n cho luy\u1ec7n kim.<br \/>\n&#8211; 1912\u20131913: Strauss &#038; Maurer (austenit); Brearley (mactenxit).<br \/>\n&#8211; 1920s: 18\/8 (304) ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ho\u00e1; th\u00eam Mo th\u00e0nh 316.<br \/>\n&#8211; 1930s\u20131940s: gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0103n m\u00f2n li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u1ea1t (321\/347, \u201cL\u201d grades).<br \/>\n&#8211; 1940s: ra \u0111\u1eddi d\u00f2ng PH (17-4PH).<br \/>\n&#8211; 1960s\u20131970s: AOD\/VOD; duplex hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i (2205).<br \/>\n&#8211; 1980s\u2013nay: super austenit\/duplex; ferrit c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn; b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-6-ap-dung-thuc-te-cho-dieu-kien-viet-nam\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ap_dung_thuc_te_cho_dieu_kien_Viet_Nam\"><\/span>\u00c1p d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n Vi\u1ec7t Nam<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Kh\u00ed h\u1eadu n\u00f3ng \u1ea9m, nhi\u1ec1u ion clorua (g\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3n) \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p:<br \/>\n&#8211; Trong nh\u00e0 kh\u00f4, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eb9: 430, 441\/443\/444 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kinh t\u1ebf cho thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, trang tr\u00ed, \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3, t\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec7n trong nh\u00e0. Tr\u00e1nh n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecdng\/ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t clo.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb (kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1t bi\u1ec3n): 304\/304L l\u00e0 \u201cchu\u1ea9n v\u00e0ng\u201d cho lan can, m\u1eb7t d\u1ef1ng, b\u1ed3n ch\u1ee9a, \u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Ch\u00fa \u00fd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf k\u1ebd h\u1edf t\u00edch t\u1ee5 mu\u1ed1i.<br \/>\n&#8211; Ven bi\u1ec3n, h\u1ed3 b\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7n, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u2013 d\u01b0\u1ee3c: \u01b0u ti\u00ean 316\/316L, ho\u1eb7c duplex 2205 n\u1ebfu t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng\/corrosion c\u00f9ng l\u00fac cao.<br \/>\n&#8211; C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng\/ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t: tham kh\u1ea3o PREN v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3; c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc 904L, 254SMO, 2205\/2507, 321\/347 cho chu tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t.<br \/>\n&#8211; M\u00e1c 201\/202 (Mn thay Ni) ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3 gia d\u1ee5ng trong nh\u00e0; kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb cho ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi \u1ea9m m\u1eb7n v\u00ec nguy c\u01a1 r\u1ed7\/k\u1ebd cao.<\/p>\n<p>Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhanh:<br \/>\n&#8211; Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u201cL\u201d (304L, 316L) khi c\u00f3 h\u00e0n d\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0103n m\u00f2n li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u1ea1t.<br \/>\n&#8211; Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ed1t, tr\u00e1nh k\u1ebd h\u1edf v\u00e0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u00e1m; v\u1ec7 sinh \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1.<br \/>\n&#8211; X\u00e1c minh ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u (MTC), th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASTM\/EN\/TCVN t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-7-nhung-hieu-lam-thuong-gap-va-cach-kiem-chung\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nhung_hieu_lam_thuong_gap_va_cach_kiem_chung\"><\/span>Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; \u201cInox n\u00e0o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd g\u1ec9\u201d: Sai. M\u1ee9c b\u1ec1n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c m\u00e1c, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. 304 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ed7 trong h\u01a1i mu\u1ed1i; 316\/duplex b\u1ec1n h\u01a1n.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u201cNam ch\u00e2m h\u00fat l\u00e0 inox gi\u1ea3\u201d: Sai. Ferrit v\u00e0 mactenxit l\u00e0 t\u1eeb t\u00ednh; austenit chu\u1ea9n th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb t\u00ednh nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1i h\u00fat sau gia c\u00f4ng ngu\u1ed9i.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u201c\u0110\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng l\u00e0 h\u1ebft g\u1ec9\u201d: B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ec9 s\u1ea1ch t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi; c\u1ea7n ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c \u0111\u00fang, passivation v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng Cr2O3.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-8-tieu-chuan-va-dinh-danh-mac-pho-bien\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tieu_chuan_va_dinh_danh_mac_pho_bien\"><\/span>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh danh m\u00e1c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; Austenit: 304\/304L (UNS S30400\/S30403), 316\/316L (S31600\/S31603), 321 (S32100), 347 (S34700).<br \/>\n&#8211; Ferrit: 430 (S43000), 441 (S43940\/44100), 444 (S44400).<br \/>\n&#8211; Mactenxit: 410 (S41000), 420 (S42000).<br \/>\n&#8211; Duplex: 2205 (S32205\/S31803), 2507 (S32750).<br \/>\n&#8211; PH: 17-4PH (S17400), 15-5PH (S15500).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-9-nguon-tham-khao-chon-loc\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nguon_tham_khao_chon_loc\"><\/span>Ngu\u1ed3n tham kh\u1ea3o ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; British Stainless Steel Association (BSSA) \u2013 A Short History of Stainless Steel: www.bssa.org.uk<br \/>\n&#8211; Nickel Institute \u2013 Stainless Steel and its History; Architectural case studies (Chrysler Building): www.nickelinstitute.org<br \/>\n&#8211; Outokumpu \u2013 The history of stainless steel and duplex development: www.outokumpu.com<br \/>\n&#8211; International Stainless Steel Forum (ISSF) \u2013 Stainless Steel in Figures; Global production trends: www.worldstainless.org<br \/>\n&#8211; ASM International \u2013 Metals Handbook, Stainless Steels (c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0103n m\u00f2n, luy\u1ec7n kim).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-10-ket-luan-phat-minh-thay-doi-nganh-vat-lieu-va-cach\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ket_luan_Phat_minh_thay_doi_nganh_vat_lieu_%E2%80%93_va_cach_khai_thac_loi_the\"><\/span>K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: Ph\u00e1t minh thay \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u2013 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch khai th\u00e1c l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>T\u1eeb \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng Fe\u2013Cr c\u1ee7a Berthier \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1t minh 1913 c\u1ee7a Brearley v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1 AOD\/duplex th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, y t\u1ebf, ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac nh\u1edd l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng Cr2O3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sinh v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u ho\u00e1 h\u1ee3p kim. B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng cho k\u1ef9 s\u01b0:<br \/>\n&#8211; T\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u 10,5% Cr t\u1ea1o \u201ckh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9\u201d, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i theo m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng clo).<br \/>\n&#8211; 304\/304L l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n \u0111a d\u1ee5ng; 316\/316L cho ven bi\u1ec3n\/ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t; duplex khi c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 b\u1ec1n \u0103n m\u00f2n l\u1eabn c\u01a1 t\u00ednh cao.<br \/>\n&#8211; Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, h\u00e0n v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<p>C\u1ea7n t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c, ph\u00f4i t\u1ea5m\/\u1ed1ng\/h\u1ed9p, ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 t\u1ed1t cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc? Li\u00ean h\u1ec7 Inox C\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 chi ti\u1ebft.<br \/>\nHotline: 0343.417.281<br \/>\nEmail: inoxcongnghiep.cuongthinh@gmail.com<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>D\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian inox t\u1eeb 1821 \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i: m\u00e0ng th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng Cr, 304\/316, duplex, AOD. \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc ch\u1ecdn m\u00e1c th\u00e9p cho \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":1020,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2500","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tin-tuc"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2500","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2500"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2500\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/media\/1020"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2500"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2500"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inoxcuongthinh.com\/inct\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2500"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}